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Unknown; may include climate changes, massive volcanic eruptions and Humans (largely by human overhunting) [4] [5] [6] Neogene: Pliocene–Pleistocene boundary extinction: 2 Ma: Possible causes include a supernova [7] [8] or the Eltanin impact [9] [10] Middle Miocene disruption: 14.5 Ma Climate change due to change of ocean circulation patterns.
Past population levels and habitable ranges of humans or plants and animals may be used to find evidence of past differences in climate for the region. Palynology , the study of pollens, can show not only the range of plants and to reconstruct possible ecology , but to estimate the amount of precipitation in a given time period, based on the ...
Impact: Covered the Indian subcontinent in 5 cm (2.0 in) of ash, [1] volcanic winter may have caused a severe human population bottleneck: Deaths (Potentially) almost all of humanity, leaving around 3,000–10,000 humans left on the planet
This would have the opposite effects: expand the area available for tropical species; kill temperate species or force them to migrate towards the poles; possibly cause severe extinctions of polar species; often make the Earth's climate wetter on average, mainly by melting ice and snow and thus increasing the volume of the water cycle. It might ...
Volcanic eruptions are considered an internal forcing. [45] Human changes of the composition of the atmosphere or land use. [45] Human activities causing anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions leading to global warming and associated climate changes. Large asteroids that have cataclysmic impacts on Earth’s climate are considered external ...
The conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid, which condenses rapidly in the stratosphere to form fine sulfate aerosols. A volcanic winter is a reduction in global temperatures caused by droplets of sulfuric acid obscuring the Sun and raising Earth's albedo (increasing the reflection of solar radiation) after a large, sulfur-rich, particularly explosive volcanic eruption.
An archaeological site in Ethiopia has revealed that a population of humans survived the eruption of Sumatra’s Mount Toba 74,000 years ago. One of the largest eruptions in Earth’s history ...
Plows, Plagues and Petroleum: How Humans Took Control of Climate is a 2005 book [1] published by Princeton University Press and written by William Ruddiman, a paleoclimatologist and Professor Emeritus at the University of Virginia. He has authored and co-authored several books [2] and academic papers [3] on the subject of climate change.