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Robert Harding Whittaker (December 27, 1920 – October 20, 1980) was an American plant ecologist, active from the 1950s to the 1970s.He was the first to propose the five kingdom taxonomic classification of the world's biota into the Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, and Monera in 1969.
Combined with the five-kingdom model, this created a six-kingdom model, where the kingdom Monera is replaced by the kingdoms Bacteria and Archaea. [16] This six-kingdom model is commonly used in recent US high school biology textbooks, but has received criticism for compromising the current scientific consensus. [ 13 ]
The last commonly accepted mega-classification with the taxon Monera was the five-kingdom classification system was established by Robert Whittaker in 1969. Under the three-domain system of taxonomy , introduced by Carl Woese in 1977, which reflects the evolutionary history of life, the organisms found in kingdom Monera have been divided into ...
1938 [5] [6] Whittaker 1969 [7] Woese et al. 1977 [8] [9] Woese et al. 1990 [10] Cavalier-Smith 1993 [11] [12] [13] Cavalier-Smith 1998 [14] [15] [16] Ruggiero et al. 2015 [17] — — 2 empires: 2 empires: 2 empires: 2 empires: 3 domains: 3 superkingdoms 2 empires: 2 superkingdoms: 2 kingdoms 3 kingdoms — 4 kingdoms: 5 kingdoms: 6 kingdoms ...
His 2004 classification treated the archaeobacteria as part of a subkingdom of the kingdom Bacteria, i.e., he rejected the three-domain system entirely. [72] Stefan Luketa in 2012 proposed a five "dominion" system, adding Prionobiota (acellular and without nucleic acid) and Virusobiota (acellular but with nucleic acid) to the traditional three ...
Funded and fully owned by Chevron, and operated by a public relations firm, Singer Associates. One of the authors worked at Singer Associates as of 2022, and also writes for Permian Proud. Described by NPR and Floodlight as "consistently [toeing] the company line [about Chevron]" [ 10 ] and an extension of a news desert in Richmond, California ...
A woman accused by scam victims of crisscrossing the U.S. claiming to be an Irish heiress is expected to learn next month whether she will be extradited to the United Kingdom. Marianne Smyth, a 54 ...
[28] [194] This classification was the basis for Whittaker's later definition of Fungi, Animalia, Plantae and Protista as the four kingdoms of life. [ 195 ] In the popular five-kingdom scheme published by American plant ecologist Robert Whittaker in 1969, Protista was defined as eukaryotic "organisms which are unicellular or unicellular ...