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Adults are described as having four attachment styles: [13] Secure; Anxious preoccupied; Dismissive avoidant; Fearful avoidant; These attachment styles in adults correspond to the secure attachment style, the anxious-ambivalent attachment style, the anxious-avoidant attachment style, and the disorganized attachment style respectively in children.
Adult attachment disorder (AAD) develops in adults as the result of an attachment disorder, or reactive attachment disorder, that goes untreated in childhood.It begins with children who were not allowed proper relationships with parents or guardians early in their youth, [1] or were abused by an adult in their developmental stages in life.
Attachment theory was extended to adult romantic relationships in the late 1980s by Cindy Hazan and Phillip Shaver. [104] Four styles of attachment have been identified in adults: secure, anxious-preoccupied, dismissive-avoidant and fearful-avoidant.
The DMM-AAI method can identify additional issues such as intrusions of negative affect, disorientation, and reorganizing or reorganized attachment strategies. Assessing adult attachment: A dynamic-maturational approach to discourse analysis (2011) [50] is the coding manual for the DMM-AAI. This manual is published and available at any bookseller.
Development of the adult attachment theory and adult attachment measures in the 1990s provided researchers with the means to apply the attachment theory to health in a more systematic way. [3] Since that time, it has been used to understand variations in stress response, health outcomes and health behaviour.
An attachment figure for children may be one or both parents or other close caregiver, and for adults a romantic partner. An attachment figure is someone to whom a person is most likely to turn to under stress. [18] That person may be a stronger, wiser, and trusted (even if not always safe or protective) person. [19]
Attachment in children – Biological instinct; Attachment in adults – Application of the theory of attachment to adults; Attachment measures – Psychological technique; Affectional bond – An attachment behavior one person has for another; Human bonding – Process of development of a close, interpersonal relationship
Attachment therapy, also known as 'holding therapy', is a group of unvalidated therapies characterized by forced restraint of children in order to make them relive attachment-related anxieties; a practice considered incompatible with attachment theory and its emphasis on 'secure base'. [2]