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Montevideo units are a method of measuring uterine performance during labor. They were created in 1949 by two physicians, Roberto Caldeyro-Barcia and Hermogenes Alvarez, from Montevideo, Uruguay. They are exactly equal to 1 mmHg within 10 minutes.
The first commercial fetal monitor (Hewlett-Packard 8020A) was released in 1968. [1] CTG monitoring is widely used to assess fetal well-being by identifying babies at risk of hypoxia (lack of oxygen). [2] CTG is mainly used during labour.
Effacement translates to how 'thin' the cervix is. The cervix is normally approximately three centimetres long, as it prepares for labour and labour continues the cervix will efface until it is 'fully effaced' (paper-thin). Cervical dilation: Closed 1–2 cm 3–4 cm 5+cm Dilation is a measure of how open the cervical os is.
In 2013, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews concluded that there was insufficient evidence from randomized trials to support its use to assess fetal well-being in labor. [3] A related Cochrane Review, however, concluded that its use in antenatal testing did reduce the incidence of non-reactive cardiotocography and the overall testing time.
Labour contractions primarily serve the purpose of opening and dilating the cervix, [7] which leads to the assisting of the passage of the baby through the vaginal canal during the first stage of labour. Throughout pregnancy, the uterus experiences motor denervation, thus inhibiting spontaneous contractions.
Other algorithms take into account other variables, such as whether this is the first or subsequent child, the mother's race, age, length of menstrual cycle, and menstrual regularity. In order to have a standard reference point, the normal pregnancy duration is assumed by medical professionals to be 280 days (or 40 weeks) of gestational age.
The two primary methods are testing for the female pregnancy hormone (human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)) in blood or urine using a pregnancy test kit, and scanning with ultrasonography. [1] Testing blood for hCG results in the earliest detection of pregnancy. [2] Almost all pregnant women will have a positive urine pregnancy test one week ...
The hypothesis that human fetuses are capable of perceiving pain during the first trimester has little evidence, although fetuses at 14 weeks may respond to touch. [ 7 ] [ additional citation(s) needed ] A multidisciplinary systematic review from 2005 found limited evidence that thalamocortical pathways begin to function "around 29 to 30 weeks ...