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Mitochondrial biogenesis is the process by which cells increase mitochondrial numbers. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It was first described by John Holloszy in the 1960s, when it was discovered that physical endurance training induced higher mitochondrial content levels, leading to greater glucose uptake by muscles. [ 3 ]
Acetyl-CoA is also a key molecule in the citric acid cycle, which is a series of chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria of cells and is responsible for generating energy in the form of ATP.
It may, therefore, have played a key role in differentiating humans from apes. [5] PGC-1α is the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. [6] [7] [8] PGC-1α is also the primary regulator of liver gluconeogenesis, inducing increased gene expression for gluconeogenesis. [9]
A mitochondrion (pl. mitochondria) is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi.Mitochondria have a double membrane structure and use aerobic respiration to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used throughout the cell as a source of chemical energy. [2]
The amount of mitochondria per cell also varies by cell type, with some examples being: Erythrocytes: 0 mitochondria per cell. [1] Lymphocytes: 3 mitochondria per cell. [7] Egg cell: Mature metaphase II egg cells can contain 100,000 mitochondria, and 50,000–1,500,000 copies of the mitochondrial genome (corresponding to up to 90% of the egg ...
Mitochondrial dynamics in different cells are understood by the way in which these proteins regulate and bind to each other. [2] These GTPases in control of mitochondrial fusion are well conserved between mammals, flies, and yeast. Mitochondrial fusion mediators differ between the outer and inner membranes of the mitochondria.
This glossary of biology terms is a list of definitions of fundamental terms and concepts used in biology, the study of life and of living organisms.It is intended as introductory material for novices; for more specific and technical definitions from sub-disciplines and related fields, see Glossary of cell biology, Glossary of genetics, Glossary of evolutionary biology, Glossary of ecology ...
In mammals where two isoforms of ACC are expressed, the main structural difference between these isoforms is the extended ACC2 N-terminus containing a mitochondrial targeting sequence. [ 1 ] Crystallographic structures of E. coli acetyl-CoA carboxylase