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In C++11, a move constructor of std::vector<T> that takes an rvalue reference to an std::vector<T> can copy the pointer to the internal C-style array out of the rvalue into the new std::vector<T>, then set the pointer inside the rvalue to null. Since the temporary will never again be used, no code will try to access the null pointer, and ...
In the C++ programming language, a function must be declared. The C++ function's return type is specified as a part of declaring that function. [ 1 ] A trailing return type , a syntax feature available since C++11 , is like a traditional return type, except that it is specified in a different location.
[10] [11] vector<bool> does not meet the requirements for a C++ Standard Library container. For instance, a container<T>::reference must be a true lvalue of type T. This is not the case with vector<bool>::reference, which is a proxy class convertible to bool. [12] Similarly, the vector<bool>::iterator does not yield a bool& when dereferenced.
It is implemented in the C++ standard library as forward_list. deque (double-ended queue) a vector with insertion/erase at the beginning or end in amortized constant time, however lacking some guarantees on iterator validity after altering the deque. Container adaptors queue: Provides FIFO queue interface in terms of push / pop / front / back ...
In 1990, The Annotated C++ Reference Manual was published. This work became the basis for the future standard. Later feature additions included templates, exceptions, namespaces, new casts, and a Boolean type. In 1998, C++98 was released, standardizing the language, and a minor update was released in 2003.
Delayed evaluation solves this problem, and can be implemented in C++ by letting operator+ return an object of an auxiliary type, say VecSum, that represents the unevaluated sum of two Vecs, or a vector with a VecSum, etc. Larger expressions then effectively build expression trees that are evaluated only when assigned to an actual Vec variable ...
All logical operators exist in C and C++ and can be overloaded in C++, albeit the overloading of the logical AND and logical OR is discouraged, because as overloaded operators they behave as ordinary function calls, which means that both of their operands are evaluated, so they lose their well-used and expected short-circuit evaluation property.
The newer C99 added a distinct Boolean type _Bool (the more intuitive name bool as well as the macros true and false can be included with stdbool.h), [10] and C++ supports bool as a built-in type and true and false as reserved words. [11]