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A history and description of Roman political institutions. Elibron Classics. ISBN 0-543-92749-0. Byrd, Robert (1995). The Senate of the Roman Republic. U.S. Government Printing Office Senate Document 103-23. Everitt, Anthony (2012). The rise of Rome: the making of the world's greatest empire (1st ed.). New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000 ...
Year Date Event 208: Roman invasion of Caledonia 208–210: Septimius Severus invaded modern Scotland. 209: Septimius Severus named his youngest natural son Publius Septimius Geta co-ruler with himself and Caracalla. 211: 4 February: Septimius Severus died. Roman invasion of Caledonia 208–210: Caracalla ended the campaign. 26 December
History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages. Fields, Nic (2007). The Roman Army of the Punic Wars 264–146 BC. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-145-8. Frost Abbott, Frank (1911). A history and description of Roman political institutions. Harvard Univ. Press. ISBN 0-543-92749-0. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2006).
The Western and Eastern Roman Empires by 476 Fall of the Western Roman Empire (476 AD) – the two halves of the Roman Empire ended at different times, with the Western Roman Empire coming to an end in 476 AD (the end of Ancient Rome). The Eastern Roman Empire (referred to by historians as the Byzantine Empire) survived for nearly a thousand ...
On 4 August 367, the eight-year-old Gratian was proclaimed as a third augustus by his father Valentinian, who had fallen ill, a nominal co-ruler and means to secure succession. In April 375, Valentinian I led his army in a campaign against the Quadi , a Germanic tribe which had invaded his native region of Pannonia.
Augustus of Prima Porta.The golden age of Rome, known as Pax Romana due to the relative peace established in the Mediterranean world, began with his reign. Augustus created during the Roman Empire for the first time an administrative region called Italia with inhabitants called Italicus Populus; for this reason historians called him Father of Italians.
Edward Gibbon's The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire "began the modern study of Roman history in the English-speaking world". [229] Barthold Georg Niebuhr was a founder of the examination of ancient Roman history and wrote The Roman History, tracing the period until the First Punic war.
Coin of Pescennius Niger, a Roman usurper who claimed imperial power AD 193–194. Legend: IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVST AVG. While the imperial government of the Roman Empire was rarely called into question during its five centuries in the west and fifteen centuries in the east, individual emperors often faced unending challenges in the form of usurpation and perpetual civil wars. [30]