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For example, a computer with dual-channel memory and one DDR2-800 module per channel running at 400 MHz would have a theoretical maximum memory bandwidth of: 400,000,000 clocks per second × 2 lines per clock × 64 bits per line × 2 interfaces = 102,400,000,000 (102.4 billion) bits per second (in bytes, 12,800 MB/s or 12.8 GB/s)
The ISQ symbols for the bit and byte are bit and B, respectively.In the context of data-rate units, one byte consists of 8 bits, and is synonymous with the unit octet.The abbreviation bps is often used to mean bit/s, so that when a 1 Mbps connection is advertised, it usually means that the maximum achievable bandwidth is 1 Mbit/s (one million bits per second), which is 0.125 MB/s (megabyte per ...
The first DDR4 memory module prototype was manufactured by Samsung and announced in January 2011. [a] Physical comparison of DDR, DDR2, DDR3, and DDR4 SDRAM Front and back of 8 GB [1] DDR4 memory modules. 2005: Standards body JEDEC began working on a successor to DDR3 around 2005, [14] about 2 years before the launch of DDR3 in 2007.
1 GB PC3200 non-ECC modules are usually made with 16 512 Mbit chips, 8 on each side (512 Mbits × 16 chips) / (8 bits (per byte)) = 1,024 MB. The individual chips making up a 1 GB memory module are usually organized as 2 26 8-bit words, commonly expressed as 64M×8. Memory manufactured in this way is low-density RAM and is usually compatible ...
The physical phenomena on which the device relies (such as spinning platters in a hard drive) will also impose limits; for instance, no spinning platter shipping in 2009 saturates SATA revision 2.0 (3 Gbit/s), so moving from this 3 Gbit/s interface to USB 3.0 at 4.8 Gbit/s for one spinning drive will result in no increase in realized transfer rate.
With data being transferred 64 bits at a time per memory module, DDR3 SDRAM gives a transfer rate of (memory clock rate) × 4 (for bus clock multiplier) × 2 (for data rate) × 64 (number of bits transferred) / 8 (number of bits in a byte). Thus with a memory clock frequency of 100 MHz, DDR3 SDRAM gives a maximum transfer rate of 6400 MB/s.
The corresponding performance counter is called "Committed Bytes". Limit is the maximum possible value for Total; it is the sum of the current pagefile size plus the physical memory available for pageable contents (this excludes RAM that is assigned to non-pageable areas). The corresponding performance counter is called "Commit Limit".
These processors have 8-bit CPUs with 8-bit data and 16-bit addressing. The memory on these CPUs is addressable at the byte level. This leads to a memory addressable limit of 2 16 × 1 byte = 65,536 bytes or 64 kilobytes.