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Among men and women, 27% experience a varying degree of achlorhydria. US researchers found that over 30% of women and men over the age of 60 have little to no acid secretion in the stomach. Additionally, 40% of postmenopausal women have shown to have no basal gastric acid secretion in the stomach, with 39.8% occurring in females 80 to 89 years old.
In some cases, a person with GERD symptoms can manage them by taking over-the-counter drugs. [50] [51] [52] This is often safer and less expensive than taking prescription drugs. [50] Some guidelines recommend trying to treat symptoms with an H 2 antagonist before using a proton-pump inhibitor because of cost and safety concerns. [50]
Atrophic gastritis under low power. H&E stain. Autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis (AMAG) is an inherited form of atrophic gastritis characterized by an immune response directed toward parietal cells and intrinsic factor. [6] Achlorhydria induces G cell (gastrin-producing) hyperplasia, which leads to hypergastrinemia.
Indigestion, also known as dyspepsia or upset stomach, is a condition of impaired digestion. [2] Symptoms may include upper abdominal fullness, heartburn, nausea, belching, or upper abdominal pain. [3] People may also experience feeling full earlier than expected when eating. [4]
Antacids are a common treatment for mild to medium gastritis. [29] When antacids do not provide enough relief, medications such as H 2 blockers and proton-pump inhibitors that help reduce the amount of acid are often prescribed. [29] [30] Cytoprotective agents are designed to help protect the tissues that line the stomach and small intestine. [31]
The most recent guidelines for managing dyspepsia prohibit endoscopic use in patients under 60 years of age because its low yield, even in cases where alarm symptoms are present. [56] Noninvasive urea breath tests or stool antigen testing for H pylori should be performed on these patients. [ 15 ]
The preferred treatment in those with mild to moderate dehydration is oral rehydration therapy (ORT). [24] For children at risk of dehydration from vomiting, taking a single dose of the anti vomiting medication metoclopramide or ondansetron, may be helpful, [55] and butylscopolamine is useful in treating abdominal pain. [56]
Heartburn, also known as pyrosis, cardialgia or acid indigestion, [2] is a burning sensation in the central chest or upper central abdomen. [3] [4] [5] Heartburn is usually due to regurgitation of gastric acid (gastric reflux) into the esophagus.