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A neuromuscular junction (or myoneural junction) is a chemical synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. [1] It allows the motor neuron to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber, causing muscle contraction. [2] Muscles require innervation to function—and even just to maintain muscle tone, avoiding atrophy.
A neuroeffector junction is a site where a motor neuron releases a neurotransmitter to affect a target—non-neuronal—cell. This junction functions like a synapse . However, unlike most neurons, somatic efferent motor neurons innervate skeletal muscle, and are always excitatory.
Neuromuscular junction diseases in this category include snake venom poisoning, botulism, arthropod poisoning, organophosphates and hypermagnesemia.(reference 13) Organophosphates are present in many insecticides and herbicides. They are also the basis of many nerve gases.(reference 27) Hypermagnesmia is a condition where the balance of ...
Neuromuscular disease can also be diagnosed by various blood tests and using electrodiagnostic medicine tests [23] including electromyography [24] (measuring electrical activity in muscles) and nerve conduction studies. [25] Genetic testing is an important part of diagnosing inherited neuromuscular conditions. [23]
The compound muscle action potential (CMAP) is the resulting response and depends on the motor axons transmitting the action potential, the status of the neuromuscular junction, and muscle fibers. The CMAP amplitudes, motor onset latencies, and conduction velocities are routinely assessed and analyzed.
Reciprocal inhibition is a neuromuscular process in which muscles on one side of a joint relax to allow the contraction of muscles on the opposite side, enabling smooth and coordinated movement. [1] This concept, introduced by Charles Sherrington , a pioneering neuroscientist , is also referred to as reflexive antagonism in some allied health ...
In the muscle-type receptors, found at the neuromuscular junction, receptors are either the embryonic form, composed of α 1, β 1, γ, and δ subunits in a 2:1:1:1 ratio ((α 1) 2 β 1 γδ), or the adult form composed of α 1, β 1, δ, and ε subunits in a 2:1:1:1 ratio ((α 1) 2 β 1 δε).
During the 1950s, Bernard Katz and Paul Fatt observed spontaneous miniature synaptic currents at the frog neuromuscular junction. [33] Based on these observations, they developed the 'quantal hypothesis' that is the basis for our current understanding of neurotransmitter release as exocytosis and for which Katz received the Nobel Prize in ...
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