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  2. Parallel postulate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_postulate

    If the sum of the interior angles α and β is less than 180°, the two straight lines, produced indefinitely, meet on that side. In geometry, the parallel postulate, also called Euclid's fifth postulate because it is the fifth postulate in Euclid's Elements, is a distinctive axiom in Euclidean geometry.

  3. Euclidean geometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_geometry

    Euclidean geometry is a mathematical system attributed to ancient Greek mathematician Euclid, which he described in his textbook on geometry, Elements.Euclid's approach consists in assuming a small set of intuitively appealing axioms (postulates) and deducing many other propositions from these.

  4. Posidonius - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posidonius

    Posidonius was one of the first to attempt to prove Euclid's fifth postulate of geometry. He suggested changing the definition of parallel straight lines to an equivalent statement that would allow him to prove the fifth postulate. From there, Euclidean geometry could be restructured, placing the fifth postulate among the theorems instead. [38]

  5. Playfair's axiom - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playfair's_axiom

    The classical equivalence between Playfair's axiom and Euclid's fifth postulate collapses in the absence of triangle congruence. [18] This is shown by constructing a geometry that redefines angles in a way that respects Hilbert's axioms of incidence, order, and congruence, except for the Side-Angle-Side (SAS) congruence.

  6. Pietro Cataldi - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Cataldi

    He was one of many mathematicians who attempted to prove Euclid's fifth postulate. Cataldi discovered the sixth and seventh perfect numbers by 1588. [ 1 ] His discovery of the 6th, that corresponding to p=17 in the formula M p =2 p -1, exploded a many-times repeated number-theoretical myth that the perfect numbers had units digits that ...

  7. Pons asinorum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pons_asinorum

    The pons asinorum in Oliver Byrne's edition of the Elements [1]. In geometry, the theorem that the angles opposite the equal sides of an isosceles triangle are themselves equal is known as the pons asinorum (/ ˈ p ɒ n z ˌ æ s ɪ ˈ n ɔːr ə m / PONZ ass-ih-NOR-əm), Latin for "bridge of asses", or more descriptively as the isosceles triangle theorem.

  8. Axiom - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom

    Probably the oldest, and most famous, list of axioms are the 4 + 1 Euclid's postulates of plane geometry. The axioms are referred to as "4 + 1" because for nearly two millennia the fifth (parallel) postulate ("through a point outside a line there is exactly one parallel") was suspected of being derivable from the first four. Ultimately, the ...

  9. Foundations of geometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundations_of_geometry

    Euclid's method consists in assuming a small set of intuitively appealing axioms, and deducing many other propositions from these. Although many of Euclid's results had been stated by earlier mathematicians, [7] Euclid was the first to show how these propositions could fit into a comprehensive deductive and logical system. [8]