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In trigonometry, the law of cotangents is a relationship among the lengths of the sides of a triangle and the cotangents of the halves of the three angles. [1] [2]Just as three quantities whose equality is expressed by the law of sines are equal to the diameter of the circumscribed circle of the triangle (or to its reciprocal, depending on how the law is expressed), so also the law of ...
using the trigonometric product-to-sum formulas. This formula is the law of cosines , sometimes called the generalized Pythagorean theorem. [ 37 ] From this result, for the case where the radii to the two locations are at right angles, the enclosed angle Δ θ = π /2, and the form corresponding to Pythagoras' theorem is regained: s 2 = r 1 2 ...
Trigonometry – branch of mathematics that studies the relationships between the sides and the angles in triangles. Trigonometry defines the trigonometric functions , which describe those relationships and have applicability to cyclical phenomena, such as waves .
A Fourier series (/ ˈ f ʊr i eɪ,-i ər / [1]) is an expansion of a periodic function into a sum of trigonometric functions. The Fourier series is an example of a trigonometric series. [2] By expressing a function as a sum of sines and cosines, many problems involving the function become easier to analyze because trigonometric functions are ...
Algebraically, the dot product is the sum of the products of the corresponding entries of the two sequences of numbers. Geometrically, it is the product of the Euclidean magnitudes of the two vectors and the cosine of the angle between them. These definitions are equivalent when using Cartesian coordinates.
The following are important identities in vector algebra.Identities that only involve the magnitude of a vector ‖ ‖ and the dot product (scalar product) of two vectors A·B, apply to vectors in any dimension, while identities that use the cross product (vector product) A×B only apply in three dimensions, since the cross product is only defined there.
In elementary algebra, the binomial theorem (or binomial expansion) describes the algebraic expansion of powers of a binomial.According to the theorem, the power (+) expands into a polynomial with terms of the form , where the exponents and are nonnegative integers satisfying + = and the coefficient of each term is a specific positive integer ...
The existence of the Campbell–Baker–Hausdorff formula can now be seen as follows: [13] The elements X and Y are primitive, so and are grouplike; so their product is also grouplike; so its logarithm ( ()) is primitive; and hence can be written as an infinite sum of elements of the Lie algebra generated by X and Y.