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  2. Antinuclear antibody - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinuclear_antibody

    An ANA test is considered positive if fluorescence is seen at a titre of 1:40/1:80. Higher titres are more clinically significant as low positives (≤1:160) are found in up to 20% of healthy individuals, especially the elderly. Only around 5% of the healthy population have ANA titres of 1:160 or higher. [8] [53]

  3. Anti-histone antibodies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-histone_antibodies

    Anti-histone antibodies are autoantibodies that are a subset of the anti-nuclear antibody family, which specifically target histone protein subunits or histone complexes. [1] They were first reported by Henry Kunkel , H.R. Holman, and H.R.G. Dreicher in their studies of cellular causes of lupus erythematosus in 1959–60.

  4. Extractable nuclear antigen - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extractable_nuclear_antigen

    Indeed, in 84.3% of positive anti-ENA samples, ANA reagents were also found. [1] The use of anti-ENA autoantibody tests can serve as additional verification of an autoimmune disorder, because a positive ANA test alone does not suffice for diagnosis. In fact, low levels of ANAs can be found in healthy patients.

  5. Anti-dsDNA antibodies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-dsDNA_antibodies

    Titres are monitored more often in cases of more active lupus than that of less active lupus at intervals of 13 months and 6–12 months, respectively. [1] Anti-dsDNA antibodies are highly associated with glomerulonephritis in SLE, although some patients with high titers of anti-dsDNA antibodies do not develop renal disease. This is most ...

  6. Rapid plasma reagin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_plasma_reagin

    The rapid plasma reagin test (RPR test or RPR titer) is a type of rapid diagnostic test that looks for non-specific antibodies in the blood of the patient that may indicate an infection by syphilis or related non-venereal treponematoses.

  7. Complement fixation test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_fixation_test

    If this reaction occurs on a cell surface, it will result in the formation of trans-membrane pores and therefore destruction of the cell. The basic steps of a complement fixation test are as follows: [1] Serum is separated from the patient. Patients naturally have different levels of complement proteins in their serum.

  8. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-neutrophil_cytoplasm...

    [3] [7] The ANCA-positive rate is much higher in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus than in healthy individuals. [8] Levamisole, which is a common adulterant of cocaine, can cause an ANCA positive vasculitis. [9] The presence or absence of ANCA cannot indicate presence or absence of disease and results are correlated with clinical features.

  9. Anti-topoisomerase antibodies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-topoisomerase_antibodies

    Since this activity occurs in the nucleus of the cell ATA is a form of antinuclear antibody. Scleroderma results from the overproduction of collagen in affected tissues, one study claims that there is an increased density of Topoisomerase I sites in the collagen genes, and that the antibodies may be altering transcription at these loci. [7]