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An oxygen sensor (or lambda sensor, where lambda refers to air–fuel equivalence ratio, usually denoted by λ) or probe or sond, is an electronic device that measures the proportion of oxygen (O 2) in the gas or liquid being analyzed. [1] It was developed by Robert Bosch GmbH during the late 1960s under the supervision of Günter Bauman. [1]
The most ubiquitous vacuum-powered accessory is the booster for the power brake system. The vacuum is only an assist and the brakes can still function, requiring greater force, if the booster vacuum is used up. Many older vehicles used vacuum-powered windshield wipers. Loss of manifold vacuum when the engine was working hard, or at wide open ...
This test does not only validate the cell. If the sensor does not display the expected value, it is possible that the oxygen sensor, the pressure sensor (depth), or the gas mixture F O 2, or any combination of these may be faulty. As all three of these possible faults could be life-threatening, the test is quite powerful.
The system usually consists of a tube, a one-way valve and a vacuum source (such as the inlet manifold). The unwanted gases, called "blow-by", are gases from the combustion chamber which have leaked past the piston rings. Early engines released these gases to the atmosphere simply by leaking them through the crankcase seals.
Later thermionic vacuum tubes, mostly miniature style, some with top cap connections for higher voltages. A vacuum tube, electron tube, [1] [2] [3] valve (British usage), or tube (North America) [4] is a device that controls electric current flow in a high vacuum between electrodes to which an electric potential difference has been applied.
Vacuum deaerators are also used in the petrochemical field. [5] In 1921 a tank with vacuum pump for removing gases was used in Pittsburgh. [23] In 1934 and 1940 a tank with vacuum pump for removing gases were used in Indiana. [24] [25] Vacuum deaerators can be rubber lined on the inside to protect the steel heads and shell from corrosion. [26]
The "B" battery is used to provide the plate voltage. It is sometimes colloquially referred to as a "dry battery" (although there is no reason why a "wet" battery of suitable voltage could not be utilised for the purpose). The filament is primarily a heat source and therefore the "A" battery supplies significant current and rapidly discharges ...
Manifold vacuum, or engine vacuum in a petrol engine is the difference in air pressure between the engine's intake manifold and Earth's atmosphere. Manifold vacuum is an effect of a piston's movement on the induction stroke and the airflow through a throttle in the intervening carburetor or throttle body leading to the intake manifold. It is a ...