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The phase diagram in the above diagram displays an alloy of two metals which forms a solid solution at all relative concentrations of the two species. In this case, the pure phase of each element is of the same crystal structure, and the similar properties of the two elements allow for unbiased substitution through the full range of relative ...
An alloy may be a solid solution of metal elements (a single phase, where all metallic grains (crystals) are of the same composition) or a mixture of metallic phases (two or more solutions, forming a microstructure of different crystals within the metal). Examples of alloys include red gold (gold and copper), white gold (gold and silver ...
In a pure metal, we'll take silver as an example, all lattice sites are occupied by silver atoms. When different kind of atoms are dissolved into it, for example 10% of copper, some random lattice sites become occupied by copper atoms. Since silver has a valence of 1 and copper has a valence of 2, the alloy will now have a valence of 1.1.
English: Example of a cooling curve of a pure metal or eutectic alloy, with various aspects pointed out. Based on image from Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003), Materials and Processes in Manufacturing (9th ed.), Wiley, ISBN 0-471-65653-4 .
Most pure metals are either too soft, brittle, or chemically reactive for practical use. Combining different ratios of metals and other elements in alloys modifies the properties to produce desirable characteristics, for instance more ductile, harder, resistant to corrosion, or have a more desirable color and luster.
An example of the use of the nickel-based superalloys in the industrial field would be turbine blades. In practice, this alloy is known as MAR—M200 and is solid solution strengthened by chromium, tungsten and cobalt in the matrix and is also precipitation hardened by carbide and boride precipitates at the grain boundaries.
The chemical elements can be broadly divided into metals, metalloids, and nonmetals according to their shared physical and chemical properties.All elemental metals have a shiny appearance (at least when freshly polished); are good conductors of heat and electricity; form alloys with other metallic elements; and have at least one basic oxide.
For pure elements or compounds, e.g. pure copper, pure water, etc. the liquidus and solidus are at the same temperature, and the term melting point may be used. There are also some mixtures which melt at a particular temperature, known as congruent melting. One example is eutectic mixture. In a eutectic system, there is particular mixing ratio ...