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PKU was the first disorder to be routinely diagnosed through widespread newborn screening. Robert Guthrie introduced the newborn screening test for PKU in the early 1960s. [67] With the knowledge that PKU could be detected before symptoms were evident, and treatment initiated, screening was quickly adopted around the world.
Phenylketonuria (PKU)-like symptoms, including more pronounced developmental defects, skin irritation, and vomiting, may appear when phenylalanine levels are near 20 mg/dL (1200 mol/L). [1] Hyperphenylalaninemia is a recessive hereditary metabolic disorder that is caused by the body's failure to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine as a result of ...
If a suitably-prepared sample of blood or urine is applied to the seeded agar plate, the growth of the bacteria in the test will be a positive indicator for PKU in the patient. [ 4 ] To prepare the sample for application, a small amount of blood (from a heel puncture, for example) or urine (from a diaper, for example) is applied to a piece of ...
Newborn screening programs initially used screening criteria based largely on criteria established by JMG Wilson and F. Jungner in 1968. [6] Although not specifically about newborn population screening programs, their publication, Principles and practice of screening for disease proposed ten criteria that screening programs should meet before being used as a public health measure.
Untreated PKU results in irreversible neurological damage. [1] After the discovery of PKU as a cause of mental retardation, Horst Bickel and colleagues discovered that it could be treated successfully with a diet low in phenylalanine. [7] The main drawback in successful treatment of PKU was the delay in identifying affected individuals.
The normal level of phenyl alanine in plasma is 1–2 mg/dl and in PKU, it normally ranges between 20–65 mg/dl. The main test for confirmation of PKU is the Guthrie test, which is a Bacillus subtilis Bioassay. [citation needed] Phenyl pyruvate in urine can also be detected using Ferric Chloride test. [citation needed]
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An abnormal result is often followed by a subsequent "definitive test" to confirm the suspected diagnosis. [citation needed] Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GCMS) machine. Common screening tests used in the last sixty years: [citation needed] Ferric chloride test (detects abnormal metabolites in urine)