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Developed by Merrill Swain, the comprehensible output (CO) hypothesis states that learning takes place when learners encounter a gap in their linguistic knowledge of the second language (L2). By noticing this gap, learners become aware of it and may be able to modify their output so that they learn something new about the language. [1]
This refers to learners creating new words or phrases for words that they do not know. For example, a learner might refer to an art gallery as a "picture place". [2] Language switch Learners may insert a word from their first language into a sentence, and hope that their interlocutor will understand. [3] [9] Asking for clarification
Similar to Krashen's input hypothesis, the interaction hypothesis claims that comprehensible input, which is characterized as a variety of language that can be understood by a learner, [3] is important for language learning. There are a number of ways in which input may be modified for the benefit of the learner.
The Amazon Echo, an example of a voice computer. Voice computing is the discipline that develops hardware or software to process voice inputs. [1]It spans many other fields including human-computer interaction, conversational computing, linguistics, natural language processing, automatic speech recognition, speech synthesis, audio engineering, digital signal processing, cloud computing, data ...
Sheltered instruction employs various methods to support English language learners (ELLs) in comprehending content while developing language skills simultaneously. One effective approach involves the use of visual aids, such as charts, diagrams, and multimedia resources, to enhance understanding and make abstract concepts more tangible.
For example, a large-scale investigation [4] was conducted on the acquisition of six English grammatical morphemes (articles, past tense, plural -s, possessive 's, progressive -ing, and third-person singular -s) among learner groups with seven different native languages: Japanese, Korean, Spanish, Russian, Turkish, German, and French. This ...
Let's Go is a series of American-English based EFL (English as a foreign language) textbooks developed by Oxford University Press and first released in 1990. While having its origins in ESL teaching in the US, and then as an early EFL resource in Japan, [1] the series is currently in general use for English-language learners in over 160 countries around the world. [2]
In the field of second-language acquisition, extramural English (EE) is English that learners come in contact with or are involved in outside the walls of the classroom, [1] often through streaming media and online games. [2] [3] It is an example of informal learning of English.