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A stationary object (or set of objects) is in "static equilibrium," which is a special case of mechanical equilibrium. A paperweight on a desk is an example of static equilibrium. Other examples include a rock balance sculpture, or a stack of blocks in the game of Jenga , so long as the sculpture or stack of blocks is not in the state of ...
This basic stability requirement, and similar ones for other conjugate pairs of variables, is violated in analytic models of first order phase transitions. The most famous case is the van der Waals equation, [2] [3] = / / where ,, are dimensional constants. This violation is not a defect, rather it is the origin of the observed discontinuity in ...
where the partial derivatives are taken with all other natural variables held constant. For every thermodynamic potential there are 1 2 n ( n − 1 ) {\textstyle {\frac {1}{2}}n(n-1)} possible Maxwell relations where n {\displaystyle n} is the number of natural variables for that potential.
A state of mechanical equilibrium is stable if, when the position of the body is changed slightly, the body remains near that equilibrium. Otherwise, the equilibrium is unstable. A common visual representation of forces acting in concert is the free body diagram , which schematically portrays a body of interest and the forces applied to it by ...
The static equilibrium of a particle is an important concept in statics. A particle is in equilibrium only if the resultant of all forces acting on the particle is equal to zero. In a rectangular coordinate system the equilibrium equations can be represented by three scalar equations, where the sums of forces in all three directions are equal ...
Elastic energy of or within a substance is static energy of configuration. It corresponds to energy stored principally by changing the interatomic distances between nuclei. Thermal energy is the randomized distribution of kinetic energy within the material, resulting in statistical fluctuations of the material about the equilibrium ...
where Z is an appropriately chosen "constant" to make total probability 1. (Z is constant provided that the temperature T is invariant.) = /, where the index s runs through all microstates of the system. Z is sometimes called the Boltzmann sum over states (or "Zustandssumme" in the original German). If we index the summation via the energy ...
Mechanical equilibrium: If at every point within a given system there is no change in pressure with time, and there is no movement of material, the system is in mechanical equilibrium. Phase equilibrium : This occurs when the mass for each individual phase reaches a value that does not change with time.