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Adolf Hitler, in Nazi Germany, issued brown shirts to the Sturmabteilung (Stormtroopers), who became colloquially known as Braunhemden (Brown Shirts). [9] Oswald Mosley, in the United Kingdom, issued black shirts to the British Union of Fascists, who also became known as the "Blackshirts") [10]
The official uniform of the SA was a brown shirt with a brown tie. The color came about because a large shipment of Lettow-shirts, originally intended for the German colonial troops in Germany's former East Africa colony, [3] was purchased in 1921 by Gerhard Roßbach for use by his Freikorps paramilitary unit.
The "Schill Sportversand" then became the main supplier for the SA brown shirts. In 1925, the SA was re-founded as part of the new Nazi Party which Hitler had put together following his release from prison. The reborn SA then received its first formal uniform regulations and also began using the first recognisable system of rank insignia.
In Italy, the Italian Fascist movement in 1919 wore black military-like uniforms and was nicknamed Blackshirts. In power, uniforms during the Fascist era extended to both the party and the military which typically bore fasces or an eagle clutching a fasces on their caps or on the left arm section of the uniform.
Marshal of Italy Emilio De Bono (1866–1944) 1 February 1923 31 October 1924 1 year, 273 days National Fascist Party [1] 1 Marshal of the Air Italo Balbo (1896–1940) 1 February 1923 31 October 1924 1 year, 273 days National Fascist Party [2] 1 General Cesare Maria De Vecchi (1884–1959) 1 February 1923 10 July 1925 2 years, 159 days
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