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The transition zone is where the QRS complex changes from predominantly negative to predominantly positive (R/S ratio becoming >1), and this usually occurs at V 3 or V 4. It is normal to have the transition zone at V 2 (called "early transition") and at V 5 (called "delayed transition"). [11]
In most leads, the T wave is positive. This is due to the repolarization of the membrane. During ventricle contraction (QRS complex), the heart depolarizes. Repolarization of the ventricle happens in the opposite direction of depolarization and is negative current, signifying the relaxation of the cardiac muscle of the ventricles.
In lead V 1, the QRS complex is often entirely negative (QS morphology), although a small initial R wave may be seen (rS morphology). In the lateral leads (I, aVL, V 5-V 6) the QRS complexes are usually predominantly positive with a slow upstroke last >60ms to the R-wave peak. [4] Notching may be seen in these leads but this is not universal.
Metabolic issues such as severe hyperkalemia, or tricyclic antidepressant overdose can also widen the QRS complex. An unusually tall QRS complex may represent left ventricular hypertrophy while a very low-amplitude QRS complex may represent a pericardial effusion or infiltrative myocardial disease. 80 to 100 ms J-point: The J-point is the point ...
The sinus node should pace the heart – therefore, P waves must be round, all the same shape, and present before every QRS complex in a ratio of 1:1. Normal P wave axis (0 to +75 degrees) Normal PR interval, QRS complex and QT interval. QRS complex positive in leads I, II, aVF and V3–V6, and negative in lead aVR. [3]
The easiest method is the quadrant method, where one looks at lead I and lead aVF. First, examine the QRS complex in both leads I and avF and determine if the QRS complex is positive (height of R wave > S wave), equiphasic (R wave = S wave), or negative (R wave < S wave). If lead I is positive and lead aVF is negative, then this is a possible LAD.
ST elevation ≥1 mm in a lead with a positive QRS complex (i.e.: concordance) - 5 points; concordant ST depression ≥1 mm in lead V1, V2, or V3 - 3 points; ST elevation ≥5 mm in a lead with a negative (discordant) QRS complex - 2 points; ≥3 points = 90% specificity of STEMI (sensitivity of 36%) [2]
Precordial concordance, also known as QRS concordance is when all precordial leads on an electrocardiogram are either positive (positive concordance) or negative (negative concordance). [1]