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The radius of curvature of the sound path is inversely proportional to the velocity gradient. [50] A wind speed gradient of 4 (m/s)/km can produce refraction equal to a typical temperature lapse rate of 7.5 °C/km. [51] Higher values of wind gradient will refract sound downward toward the surface in the downwind direction, [52] eliminating the ...
The fastest wind speed not related to tornadoes ever recorded was during the passage of Tropical Cyclone Olivia on 10 April 1996: an automatic weather station on Barrow Island, Australia, registered a maximum wind gust of 113.3 m/s (408 km/h; 253 mph; 220.2 kn; 372 ft/s) [6] [7] The wind gust was evaluated by the WMO Evaluation Panel, who found ...
At 0 °C (32 °F), the speed of sound in air is about 331 m/s (1,086 ft/s; 1,192 km/h; 740 mph; 643 kn). [1] The speed of sound in an ideal gas depends only on its temperature and composition. The speed has a weak dependence on frequency and pressure in ordinary air, deviating slightly from ideal behavior.
Wind speed Wave height Sea conditions Land conditions Sea conditions (photo) Associated warning flag 0 Calm < 1 knot < 1 mph < 2 km/h 0–0.2 m/s: 0 ft 0 m Sea like a mirror Smoke rises vertically 1 Light air 1–3 knots 1–3 mph 2–5 km/h 0.3–1.5 m/s 0–1 ft 0–0.3 m Ripples with appearance of scales are formed, without foam crests
The power law is often used in wind power assessments [4] [5] where wind speeds at the height of a turbine ( 50 metres) must be estimated from near surface wind observations (~10 metres), or where wind speed data at various heights must be adjusted to a standard height [6] prior to use.
ft/s 3.2808 The metre per second is the unit of both speed (a scalar quantity ) and velocity (a vector quantity , which has direction and magnitude) in the International System of Units (SI), equal to the speed of a body covering a distance of one metre in a time of one second .
Airspeed is commonly given in knots (kn). Since 2010, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) recommends using kilometers per hour (km/h) for airspeed (and meters per second for wind speed on runways), but allows using the de facto standard of knots, and has no set date on when to stop.
SI, and hence the use of "km/h" (or "km h −1 " or "km·h −1 ") has now been adopted around the world in many areas related to health and safety [36] and in metrology [37] in addition to the SI unit metres per second ("m/s", "m s −1 " or "m·s −1 "). SI is also the preferred system of measure in academia and in education.