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Quantum chemistry – branch of chemistry whose primary focus is the application of quantum mechanics in physical models and experiments of chemical systems. Solid-state chemistry – study of the synthesis, structure, and properties of solid phase materials, particularly, but not necessarily exclusively of, non-molecular solids.
methyl groups attached to a ring or as branches in a longer carbon chain; methyl groups at the end of a carbon chain. If labels for structures are desired, consider the use of bolded numerals, which are language-neutral. Information about stereocenters and stereoisomerism should be included if available (e.g. by using wedged bonds).
A PFD can be computer generated from process simulators (see List of Chemical Process Simulators), CAD packages, or flow chart software using a library of chemical engineering symbols. Rules and symbols are available from standardization organizations such as DIN, ISO or ANSI. Often PFDs are produced on large sheets of paper.
Three dimensionality is best highlighted by the depictions of bonds, using wedges, bolding, and hashed formats. Some artists highlight three-dimensionality by varying fonts sizes, e.g. slightly larger fonts for the "front" atoms. In organic chemistry, double bonds and C-H bonds are shorter than most single bonds.
Branches are described with parentheses, as in CCC(=O)O for propionic acid and FC(F)F for fluoroform. The first atom within the parentheses, and the first atom after the parenthesized group, are both bonded to the same branch point atom. The bond symbol must appear inside the parentheses; outside (e.g. CCC=(O)O) is invalid.
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State symbols are omitted unless they are relevant (e.g. thermochemistry, to illustrate precipitation for chemical separation). "Heat" should not be a reaction product; stating Δ r H , or giving its sign is preferable (note that the use of phase information is essential for evaluating the thermodynamics):
Physical chemistry (24 C, 261 P) S. Solid-state chemistry (5 C, 37 P) Stereochemistry (7 C, 139 P) Supramolecular chemistry (7 C, 64 P) T. Textile chemistry (10 P)