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Cytokines (/'saɪ.tə.kaɪn/) [1] are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–25 kDa [2]) important in cell signaling. Due to their size, cytokines cannot cross the lipid bilayer of cells to enter the cytoplasm and therefore typically exert their functions by interacting with specific cytokine receptors on the target
Pages in category "Cytokines" The following 109 pages are in this category, out of 109 total. This list may not reflect recent changes. ...
An inflammatory cytokine is a type of cytokine (a signaling molecule) that is secreted from immune cells and certain other cell types that promotes inflammation. Inflammatory cytokines are predominantly produced by T helper cells ( T h ) and macrophages and involved in the upregulation of inflammatory reactions. [ 1 ]
Interleukin 3 (IL3) is a cytokine that regulates hematopoiesis by controlling the production, differentiation and function of granulocytes and macrophages. [15] [16] The protein, which exists in vivo as a monomer, is produced in activated T cells and mast cells, [15] [16] and is activated by the cleavage of an N-terminal signal sequence. [16]
Their release is often stimulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1. Inflammatory chemokines function mainly as chemoattractants for leukocytes, recruiting monocytes, neutrophils and other effector cells from the blood to sites of infection or tissue damage.
Also in context of biological control of plant diseases cytokinins seem to have potential functions. Production of cytokinins by Pseudomonas fluorescens G20-18 has been identified as a key determinant to efficiently control the infection of A. thaliana with P. syringae. .
Many of the cytokines in this article are also expressed by other immune cells (see individual cytokines for details), and it is becoming clear that while the original T h 1/T h 2 model is enlightening and gives insight into the functions of helper T cells, it is far too simple to define its entire role or actions.
Hence a catalytic receptor is an integral membrane protein possessing both enzymatic, catalytic, and receptor functions. [34] They have two important domains, an extra-cellular ligand binding domain and an intracellular domain, which has a catalytic function; and a single transmembrane helix. The signaling molecule binds to the receptor on the ...