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separating the reaction mixture into organic and aqueous layers by liquid-liquid extraction. removal of solvents by evaporation. purification by chromatography, distillation or recrystallization. The work-up steps required for a given chemical reaction may require one or more of these manipulations.
1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC, EDAC or EDCI) is a water-soluble carbodiimide usually handled as the hydrochloride. [1]It is typically employed in the 4.0-6.0 pH range.
Acid–base extraction is a subclass of liquid–liquid extractions and involves the separation of chemical species from other acidic or basic compounds. [1] It is typically performed during the work-up step following a chemical synthesis to purify crude compounds [2] and results in the product being largely free of acidic or basic impurities.
The mechanism of the reaction involves two steps. The first step is a nucleophilic addition to the nitrile with the aid of a polarizing Lewis acid, forming an imine, which is later hydrolyzed during the aqueous workup to yield the final aryl ketone. Hoesch reaction mechanism
For instance, the production of glycolic acid typically follows this method, utilizing a base-induced reaction, followed by acid workup. Similarly, unsaturated acids and fumarate and maleate esters undergo hydration to yield malic acid derivatives from esters, and 3-hydroxypropionic acid from acrylic acid .
Below, the reaction mechanism is shown with R 2 = H: Mukaiyama Aldol-MechanismusV7 en. In the cited example the Lewis acid TiCl 4 is used. First, the Lewis acid activates the aldehyde component followed by carbon-carbon bond formation between the enol silane and the activated aldehyde. With the loss of a chlorosilane the compound 1 is built.
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The Corey–House synthesis (also called the Corey–Posner–Whitesides–House reaction and other permutations) is an organic reaction that involves the reaction of a lithium diorganylcuprate with an organic halide or pseudohalide (′) to form a new alkane, as well as an ill-defined organocopper species and lithium (pseudo)halide as byproducts.