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Cell-free protein synthesis, also known as in vitro protein synthesis or CFPS, is the production of protein using biological machinery in a cell-free system, that is, without the use of living cells. The in vitro protein synthesis environment is not constrained by a cell wall or homeostasis conditions necessary to maintain cell viability. [ 1 ]
Engineering of metabolic processes have been achieved through cell-free systems. [ 24 ] [ 10 ] [ 3 ] Bujara et al. , for example, were able to use glycolytic network extracts, consisting of enzymes from E. coli that produced dihydroxyacetone phosphate , to analyze in real-time the metabolite concentrations while altering enzyme levels, with the ...
Holism in science, holistic science, or methodological holism is an approach to research that emphasizes the study of complex systems.Systems are approached as coherent wholes whose component parts are best understood in context and in relation to both each other and to the whole.
Systems biology is the computational and mathematical analysis and modeling of complex biological systems.It is a biology-based interdisciplinary field of study that focuses on complex interactions within biological systems, using a holistic approach (holism instead of the more traditional reductionism) to biological research.
Holism is the interdisciplinary idea that systems possess properties as wholes apart from the properties of their component parts. [1] [2] [3] The aphorism "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts", typically attributed to Aristotle, is often given as a summary of this proposal. [4]
An even more radical change in the genetic code is the change of a triplet codon to a quadruplet and even quintuplet codon pioneered by Sisido in cell-free systems [47] and by Schultz in bacteria. [48] Finally, non-natural base pairs can be used to introduce novel amino acid in proteins. [49]
These thought-provoking and funny shows tickled our ears over the past year. Illustration:Jianan Liu/HuffPost; Photo: Betwixt the Sheets, Second Life, We're Here To Help, Hysterical
Cell biology: Centrifugation: Use of centrifugal force to separate particles from a solution according to their size, shape, density, medium viscosity, and rotor speed: Cell biology, Biochemistry: CRISPR gene editing: Used to modify the genomes of living organisms based on a simplified version of the bacterial CRISPR-Cas9 antiviral defense system