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The second rule of unit propagation can be seen as a restricted form of resolution, in which one of the two resolvents must always be a unit clause.As for resolution, unit propagation is a correct inference rule, in that it never produces a new clause that was not entailed by the old ones.
Demonstrating log* 4 = 2 for the base-e iterated logarithm. The value of the iterated logarithm can be found by "zig-zagging" on the curve y = log b (x) from the input n, to the interval [0,1]. In this case, b = e. The zig-zagging entails starting from the point (n, 0) and iteratively moving to (n, log b (n) ), to (0, log b (n) ), to (log b (n ...
Python: the built-in int (3.x) / long (2.x) integer type is of arbitrary precision. The Decimal class in the standard library module decimal has user definable precision and limited mathematical operations (exponentiation, square root, etc. but no trigonometric functions).
Even floating-point numbers are soon outranged, so it may help to recast the calculations in terms of the logarithm of the number. But if exact values for large factorials are desired, then special software is required, as in the pseudocode that follows, which implements the classic algorithm to calculate 1, 1×2, 1×2×3, 1×2×3×4, etc. the ...
If p is a probability, then p/(1 − p) is the corresponding odds; the logit of the probability is the logarithm of the odds, i.e.: = = = = (). The base of the logarithm function used is of little importance in the present article, as long as it is greater than 1, but the natural logarithm with base e is the one most often used.
Dedicated to the discrete logarithm in (/) where is a prime, index calculus leads to a family of algorithms adapted to finite fields and to some families of elliptic curves. The algorithm collects relations among the discrete logarithms of small primes, computes them by a linear algebra procedure and finally expresses the desired discrete ...
import java.util.List; import java.util.ArrayList; class Originator {private String state; // The class could also contain additional data that is not part of the // state saved in the memento.. public void set (String state) {this. state = state; System. out. println ("Originator: Setting state to "+ state);} public Memento saveToMemento {System. out. println ("Originator: Saving to Memento."
Python's built-in pow() (exponentiation) function takes an optional third argument, the modulus.NET Framework's BigInteger class has a ModPow() method to perform modular exponentiation; Java's java.math.BigInteger class has a modPow() method to perform modular exponentiation; MATLAB's powermod function from Symbolic Math Toolbox