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Antimotility agents are drugs used to alleviate the symptoms of diarrhea. These include loperamide (Imodium), bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol), [1] diphenoxylate with atropine (Lomotil), and opiates such as paregoric, tincture of opium, codeine, and morphine.
As with other opiates, chronic use of codeine can cause physical dependence which can lead to severe withdrawal symptoms if a person suddenly stops the medication. Withdrawal symptoms include drug craving, runny nose, yawning, sweating, insomnia, weakness, stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle spasms, chills, irritability, and pain.
Combining dextromethorphan with other CYP2D6 substrates can cause both drugs to build to dangerous levels in the bloodstream. [30] [31] Combining dextromethorphan with other serotonergic drugs could possibly cause serotonin syndrome, an excess of serotonergic activity in the CNS and peripheral nervous system.
Federal health officials are investigating overdoses and deaths involving the use of anti-diarrhea drugs.
Between 2012 and 2015, heroin was the leading cause of drug-related deaths in the United States. [69] Since then, fentanyl has been a more common cause of drug-related deaths. [69] Depending on drug interactions and numerous other factors, death from overdose can take anywhere from several minutes to several hours.
A U.S. appeals court on Thursday affirmed a decision for Bausch Health that barred rival drugmaker Alvogen from marketing a proposed generic version of Bausch's diarrhea treatment Xifaxan until 2029.
Partial agonists, like the anti-diarrhea drug loperamide and antagonists, like naloxegol for opioid-induced constipation, do not cross the blood–brain barrier, but can displace other opioids from binding to those receptors in the myenteric plexus. Because opioids are addictive and may result in fatal overdose, most are controlled substances.
Polypharmacy is most commonly defined as the use of five or more medications daily by an individual. [6] However, the definition of polypharmacy is still debated and can vary from two to 11 concurrent medications. [6] Any drug: Cannabis: Amp joint [7] Any drug: Nicotine: Cooler [5] Any β-Carboline containing plant (e.g. Banisteriopsis caapi or ...
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