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Since 1940, Turkey has frequently been under extraordinary rule, either the whole of the country or specific provinces.According to Articles 119-122 of the 1982 Constitution the four types of extraordinary rule are martial law (sıkıyönetim), state of emergency (olağanüstü hâl, OHAL), mobilization (seferberlik) and situation of war (savaş hâli).
Articles 2–7 consider the passage of merchant ships. Articles 8–22 consider the passage of war vessels. The key principle — freedom of passage and navigation — is laid out in articles 1 and 2. Article 1 provides, "The High Contracting Parties recognise and affirm the principle of freedom of passage and navigation by sea in the Straits".
TCG Muavenet (DM-357) (previously USS Gwin, transferred in 1971) was a destroyer minelayer of the Turkish Navy crippled by two Sea Sparrow missiles fired from the aircraft carrier USS Saratoga during a NATO exercise in Saros Bay, Turkey in 1992, resulting in five deaths and 22 injured among its crew.
The 1971 Turkish military memorandum (Turkish: 12 Mart Muhtırası), issued on 12 March that year, was the second military intervention to take place in the Republic of Turkey, coming 11 years after its 1960 predecessor. It is known as the "coup by memorandum", which the military delivered in lieu of sending out tanks, as it had done previously.
Amending the ATA was critical for Turkey becoming a part of the EU. The EU forced Turkey to disband State Security Courts (SSC) in 2004 for Turkey to meet the "same objective standards and criteria" as other candidates. [8] The SSC was also the subject of several ECtHR applications, most of them being settled against Turkey.
Notes [8] 1: 17 May 1987: Voting age lowered from 21 to 19, Number of MPs raised from 400 to 450, Lifted 1980 ban on politicians, 1987 Turkish constitutional referendum: 2: 8 July 1993: Public radio and televisions allowed 3: 23 July 1995: Voting age lowered from 19 to 18, Number of MPs raised from 450 to 550 4: 18 June 1999
Turkey has a rich constitutional history, dating from 1808 to the present. [1] Over the years, Turkey has had many constitutions and radical amendments made to those constitutions. The four main constitutions of Turkey since inception have been the Constitution of 1921, the Constitution of 1924, the Constitution of 1961 and the Constitution of ...
The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923), the predecessor of modern Turkey was one of the 17 signatories of the Metre Convention in 1875. For 58 years both the international and the traditional units were in use, but after the proclamation of the Turkish Republic, the traditional units became obsolete.