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James Beaumont Neilson, previously foreman at Glasgow gas works, invented the system of preheating the blast for a furnace.He found that by increasing the temperature of the incoming air to 149 °C (300 °F), he could reduce the fuel consumption from 8.06 tons of coal to 5.16 tons of coal per ton of produced iron with further reductions at even higher temperatures. [4]
Diagram of a radioisotope heater unit. A radioisotope heater unit (RHU) is a small device that provides heat through radioactive decay. [1] They are similar to tiny radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTG) and normally provide about one watt of heat each, derived from the decay of a few grams of plutonium-238—although other radioactive isotopes could be used.
A nuclear thermal rocket (NTR) is a type of thermal rocket where the heat from a nuclear reaction replaces the chemical energy of the propellants in a chemical rocket. In an NTR, a working fluid, usually liquid hydrogen, is heated to a high temperature in a nuclear reactor and then expands through a rocket nozzle to create thrust.
The original blast furnaces at Blists Hill in Madeley, England Charging the experimental blast furnace, a photo from the Fixed Nitrogen Research Laboratory in Washington D.C., 1930 Remnants of a blast furnace in Russia first commissioned in 1715 by order of Peter the Great with the help of Holland masters.
Blast furnace gas (BFG) [1] is a by-product of blast furnaces that is generated when the iron ore is reduced with coke to metallic iron. It has a very low heating value , about 3.5 MJ/m 3 (93 BTU /cu.ft), [ 2 ] because it consists of about 51 vol% nitrogen and 22 vol% carbon dioxide , which are not flammable.
A furnace needs no less than two stoves, but may have three. One of the stoves is 'on gas', receiving hot gases from the furnace top and heating the checkerwork inside, whilst the other is 'on blast', receiving cold air from the blowers, heating it and passing it to the blast furnace.
In 1999, the director of Los Alamos who had presided over its design described it as "the most advanced U.S. nuclear warhead". [4] As of 2021, the latest version is called the W88 ALT 370, [ 5 ] the first unit of which came into production on 1 July, 2021, after 11 years of development. [ 6 ]
There is very little detailed information in the open literature about the mechanism of the interstage. One of the best sources is a simplified diagram of a British thermonuclear weapon similar to the American W80 warhead. It was released by Greenpeace in a report titled "Dual Use Nuclear Technology". [13]