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The placenta (pl.: placentas or placentae) is a temporary embryonic and later fetal organ that begins developing from the blastocyst shortly after implantation.It plays critical roles in facilitating nutrient, gas and waste exchange between the physically separate maternal and fetal circulations, and is an important endocrine organ, producing hormones that regulate both maternal and fetal ...
In obstetrics, position is the orientation of the fetus in the womb, identified by the location of the presenting part of the fetus relative to the pelvis of the mother. . Conventionally, it is the position assumed by the fetus before the process of birth, as the fetus assumes various positions and postures during the course of chil
Sacrum posterior (SP)—the buttocks face posteriorly. Shoulder presentations with transverse lie are classified into four types, based on the location of the scapula (shoulder blade). This presentation needs to be delivered by cesarean section. Left scapula-anterior (LSA) Right scapula-anterior (RSA) Left scapula-posterior (LSP)
Placenta praevia is when the placenta attaches inside the uterus but in a position near or over the cervical opening. [1] Symptoms include vaginal bleeding in the second half of pregnancy . [ 1 ] The bleeding is bright red and tends not to be associated with pain. [ 1 ]
The placenta can be defined as an organ formed by the sustained apposition or fusion of fetal membranes and parental tissue for physiological exchange. [1] This definition is modified from the original Mossman (1937) [2] definition, which constrained placentation in animals to only those instances where it occurred in the uterus.
Circumvallate placenta is a very rare condition affecting pregnant women. This condition is a placental morphological abnormality, with the placenta being formed during the early periods of pregnancy. Women are able to become pregnant with the onset of ovulation and menstruation in early adolescence, with most women becoming pregnant during ...
In obstetrics, a cephalic presentation or head presentation or head-first presentation is a situation at childbirth where the fetus is in a longitudinal lie and the head enters the pelvis first; the most common form of cephalic presentation is the vertex presentation, where the occiput is the leading part (the part that first enters the birth canal). [1]
Manual placenta removal is the evacuation of the placenta from the uterus by hand. [4] It is usually carried out under anesthesia or more rarely, under sedation and analgesia . A hand is inserted through the vagina and cervix into the uterine cavity and the placenta is detached from the uterine wall and then removed manually.