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  2. Runic transliteration and transcription - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runic_transliteration_and...

    The ansuz rune is always transliterated as o from the Younger Futhark, and consequently, the transliteration mon represents Old Norse man in a runestone from Bällsta, and hon represents Old Norse han in the Frösö Runestone, while forþom represents Old Norse forðom in an inscription from Replösa.

  3. Younger Futhark - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Younger_Futhark

    The j rune was rendered superfluous due to Old Norse sound changes, but was kept with the new sound value of a. The old z rune was kept (transliterated in the context of Old Norse as ʀ) but moved to the end of the rune row in the only change of letter ordering in Younger Futhark. The third ætt was reduced by four runes, losing the e, ŋ, o ...

  4. Elder Futhark - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elder_Futhark

    The Elder Futhark (named after the initial phoneme of the first six rune names: F, U, Þ, A, R and K) has 24 runes, often arranged in three groups of eight runes; each group is called an ætt [2] (pl. ættir; meaning 'clan, group', although sometimes thought to mean eight). In the following table, each rune is given with its common transliteration:

  5. Kaunan - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaunan

    The evolution of the rune in the elder futhark during the centuries. The k-rune ᚲ (Younger Futhark ᚴ, Anglo-Saxon futhorc ᚳ) is called Kaun in both the Norwegian and Icelandic rune poems, meaning "ulcer". The reconstructed Proto-Germanic name is *Kauną. It is also known as Kenaz ("torch"), based on its Anglo-Saxon name.

  6. Medieval runes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_runes

    The name meanings are inferred from the Norwegian and Icelandic rune poems. A hallmark of medieval runes was the optional sting or bar diacritic which was often used to indicate when a rune stands for a secondary sound; ᚡ gave /v/, ᚤ gave /y/ and /ø/, ᚧ gave /ð/, ᚵ gave /g/ and /ɣ/, ᛂ gave /e/ and rarely /j/, ᛑ gave /d/, ᛔ gave ...

  7. Raido - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raido

    Rune Poem: [1] English Translation: Old Norwegian ᚱ Ræið kveða rossom væsta; Reginn sló sværðet bæzta. Riding is said to be the worst thing for horses; Reginn forged the finest sword. Old Icelandic ᚱ Reið er sitjandi sæla ok snúðig ferð ok jórs erfiði. iter ræsir. Riding is of sitting a blessing and swift journey and horses ...

  8. Runic inscriptions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runic_inscriptions

    While the Nordic bracteates are jewelry imitating Roman gold coins, there were a number of actual coins (currency) in Anglo-Saxon England inscribed with runes, notably the coins from Kent, inscribed with pada, æpa and epa (early 7th century). There are a number of Christian inscriptions from the time of Christianization. St.

  9. Einang stone - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einang_stone

    The Einang stone bears an Elder Futhark inscription, written from right to left, in Proto-Norse that has been dated to the 4th century. [1] It is the oldest runestone still standing at its original location, and it may be the earliest inscription to mention the word runo 'rune'. Here the word appears in the singular.