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Risk factors include decreased level of consciousness, problems with swallowing, alcoholism, tube feeding, and poor oral health. [1] Diagnosis is typically based on the presenting history, symptoms, chest X-ray, and sputum culture. [1] [2] Differentiating from other types of pneumonia may be difficult. [1]
Most nosocomial respiratory infections are caused by so-called microaspiration of upper airway secretions, through inapparent aspiration, into the lower respiratory tract. Also, "macroaspirations" of esophageal or gastric material is known to result in HAP. Since it results from aspiration either type is called aspiration pneumonia. [1] [2] [3]
Aspiration can result in patient death through a variety of mechanisms. It is important to recognize and diagnose early in order to improve patient outcomes. Death from aspiration and aspiration-related syndromes is most common in elderly patients with known baseline risk factors, though it frequently goes unrecognized. [18]
In the frail elderly good oral health care may lower the risk of aspiration pneumonia, [104] even though there is no good evidence that one approach to mouth care is better than others in preventing nursing home acquired pneumonia. [105] Zinc supplementation in children 2 months to five years old appears to reduce rates of pneumonia. [106]
Endotracheal tubes contain high-volume, low-pressure balloon cuffs to minimize air leakage and the risk of aspiration. Cuffed tubes were made originally for adults and children over 8 years old, but cuffed tubes have been used in infants and younger children to prevent air leakage.
A nursing diagnosis may be part of the nursing process and is a clinical judgment about individual, family, or community experiences/responses to actual or potential health problems/life processes. Nursing diagnoses foster the nurse's independent practice (e.g., patient comfort or relief) compared to dependent interventions driven by physician ...
Historically it is said that a patient is at risk if they have: [3] Residual gastric volume of greater than 25ml, with; pH of less than 2.5; However these are indirect measurements and are not factors that directly influence aspiration risk. [3] Patients with a high risk should have a rapid sequence induction. High risk is defined as these ...
The ingestion and aspiration of foreign objects pose a common and dangerous problem in young children. It remains one of the leading cause of death in children under the age of 5. [ 20 ] Common food items (baby carrots, peanuts, etc.) and household objects (coins, metals, etc.) may lodge in various levels of the airway tract and cause ...