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one spinous process; two transverse processes; four articular processes; A major part of a vertebra is a backward extending spinous process (sometimes called the neural spine) which projects centrally. [7] This process points dorsally and caudally from the junction of the laminae. [7] The spinous process serves to attach muscles and ligaments.
The articular process or zygapophysis (Greek: ζυγόν, romanized: zugón, lit. ' yoke ' + apophysis ) of a vertebra is a projection of the vertebra that serves the purpose of fitting with an adjacent vertebra.
In anatomy, a process (Latin: processus) is a projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body. [1] For instance, in a vertebra, a process may serve for muscle attachment and leverage (as in the case of the transverse and spinous processes), or to fit (forming a synovial joint), with another vertebra (as in the case of the articular processes). [2]
The transversospinales are a group of muscles of the human back.Their combined action is rotation and extension of the vertebral column.These muscles are small and have a poor mechanical advantage for contributing to motion.
2 Function. 3 Additional images. 4 References. ... The root of the spine is on a level with the tip of the spinous process of the third thoracic vertebra. [2] Left ...
Common types are transverse process, diapophyses, parapophyses, and zygapophyses (both the cranial zygapophyses and the caudal zygapophyses). The centrum of the vertebra can be classified based on the fusion of its elements. In temnospondyls, bones such as the spinous process, the pleurocentrum and the intercentrum are separate ossifications ...
The twelfth thoracic vertebra has the same general characteristics as the eleventh, but may be distinguished from it by its inferior articular surfaces being convex and directed lateralward, like those of the lumbar vertebrae; by the general form of the body, laminae, and spinous process, in which it resembles the lumbar vertebrae; and by each ...
The spinous process is short and bifid, the two divisions being often of unequal size. Because the spinous processes are so short, certain superficial muscles (the trapezius and splenius capitis ) attach to the nuchal ligament rather than directly to the vertebrae; the nuchal ligament itself attaching to the spinous processes of C2–C7 and to ...