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  2. Hydroxy group - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxy_group

    In chemistry, a hydroxy or hydroxyl group is a functional group with the chemical formula −OH and composed of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to one hydrogen atom. In organic chemistry , alcohols and carboxylic acids contain one or more hydroxy groups.

  3. Hydroxyl radical - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical

    The destructive action of hydroxyl radicals has been implicated in several neurological autoimmune diseases such as HIV-associated dementia, when immune cells become over-activated and toxic to neighboring healthy cells. [4] The hydroxyl radical can damage virtually all types of macromolecules: carbohydrates, nucleic acids , lipids (lipid ...

  4. Free radical damage to DNA - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_radical_damage_to_DNA

    Cells have developed complex and efficient repair mechanisms to fix the lesions. In the case of free radical attack on DNA, base-excision repair is the repair mechanism used. Hydroxyl radical reactions with the deoxyribose sugar backbone are initiated by hydrogen abstraction from a deoxyribose carbon, and the predominant consequence is eventual ...

  5. Reactive oxygen species - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species

    However, hydrogen peroxide is actually more damaging to DNA than the hydroxyl radical, since the lower reactivity of hydrogen peroxide provides enough time for the molecule to travel into the nucleus of the cell, subsequently reacting with macromolecules such as DNA.

  6. Hydroxylation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxylation

    In chemistry, hydroxylation refers to the installation of a hydroxyl group (−OH) into an organic compound. Hydroxylations generate alcohols and phenols, which are very common functional groups. Hydroxylation confers some degree of water-solubility. Hydroxylation of a hydrocarbon is an oxidation, thus a step in degradation.

  7. Protein phosphorylation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_phosphorylation

    Compared to the protein phosphorylation of prokaryotes, studies of protein phosphorylation in eukaryotes from yeast to human cells have been rather extensive. It is known that eukaryotes rely on the phosphorylation of the hydroxyl group on the side chains of serine, threonine, and tyrosine for cell signaling.

  8. RNA - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA

    Ribose has a hydroxyl group attached to the pentose ring in the 2' position, whereas deoxyribose does not. The hydroxyl groups in the ribose backbone make RNA more chemically labile than DNA by lowering the activation energy of hydrolysis .

  9. Dephosphorylation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dephosphorylation

    Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of hydroxyl groups belonging to neutral but polar amino acids such as serine, threonine, and tyrosine within specific target proteins is a fundamental part of the regulation of every physiologic process. Phosphorylation involves the covalent modification of the hydroxyl with a phosphate group through the ...