Search results
Results from the WOW.Com Content Network
Cytokines are integral and implicated in all angles of the cascade, resulting in the systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multi-organ failure associated with this intra-abdominal catastrophe. [39] In the COVID-19 pandemic, some deaths from COVID-19 have been attributable to cytokine release storms.
Cytokine proteins are classified as chemokines according to behavior and structural characteristics. In addition to being known for mediating chemotaxis, chemokines are all approximately 8–10 kilodaltons in mass and have four cysteine residues in conserved locations that are key to forming their 3-dimensional shape.
Some inflammatory cytokines have additional roles such as acting as growth factors. [5] Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α also trigger pathological pain. [1] While IL-1β is released by monocytes and macrophages, it is also present in nociceptive DRG neurons. IL-6 plays a role in neuronal reaction to an injury.
The large concentration of heparin allowed loading and release of the cytokines to be independent of each other. [11] The codelivery of the cytokines from the hydrogels led to pro-angiogenic effects both in vitro and in vivo, with the effect being much greater than administration of the single growth factors [11]
Pages in category "Cytokines" The following 109 pages are in this category, out of 109 total. This list may not reflect recent changes. ...
In a typical scenario, a virus-infected cell will release interferons causing nearby cells to heighten their anti-viral defenses. IFNs belong to the large class of proteins known as cytokines, molecules used for communication between cells to trigger the protective defenses of the immune system that help eradicate pathogens. [3]
While cytokinin action in vascular plants is described as pleiotropic, this class of plant hormones specifically induces the transition from apical growth to growth via a three-faced apical cell in moss protonema. This bud induction can be pinpointed to differentiation of a specific single cell, and thus is a very specific effect of cytokinin. [18]
Other inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β and TNF-α, as well as bacterial-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) may stimulate microglia to produce MCP-1, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β. [2] Microglia can express CCR3, CCR5, CXCL8, CXCR4, and CX3CR1 in vitro. [3] [2] Chemokines are proinflammatory and therefore contribute to the neuroinflammation process. [2]