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SIRVA is caused by improper insertion of the needle used in injections. It is "a preventable occurrence caused by the injection of a vaccine into the shoulder capsule rather than the deltoid muscle. As a result, inflammation of the shoulder structures causes patients to experience pain, a decreased range of motion, and a decreased quality of life."
ATC code J07 Vaccines is a therapeutic subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, a system of alphanumeric codes developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the classification of drugs and other medical products. [1] [2] [3] Subgroup J07 is part of the anatomical group J Antiinfectives for systemic use. [4]
National regulatory authorities have granted full or emergency use authorizations for 40 COVID-19 vaccines.. Ten vaccines have been approved for emergency or full use by at least one stringent regulatory authority recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO): Pfizer–BioNTech, Oxford–AstraZeneca, Sinopharm BIBP, Moderna, Janssen, CoronaVac, Covaxin, Novavax, Convidecia, and Sanofi ...
Intramuscular injections began to be used for administration of vaccines for diphtheria in 1923, whooping cough in 1926, and tetanus in 1927. [30] By the 1970s, researchers and instructors began forming guidance on injection site and technique to reduce the risk of injection complications and side effects such as pain. [8]
[168] [169] The vaccine is known as "COVID-19 Vaccine Moderna Intramuscular Injection". [170] [3] In May 2021, COVID‑19 Vaccine Moderna Intramuscular Injection (formerly TAK-919) was authorized for emergency use in Japan. [3] In June 2021, the Moderna COVID‑19 vaccine was authorized for use in India by the Drugs Controller General of India ...
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The vaccine is given as an intradermal injection using a spring-powered jet injector. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] This is because successful transfection of DNA vaccines requires traveling across both the cell plasma membrane and the nuclear membrane , [ 4 ] and using a conventional needle gives poor results and leads to low immunogenicity.
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