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Peptostreptococcus species are commensal organisms in humans, living predominantly in the mouth, skin, gastrointestinal, vagina and urinary tracts, and are members of the gut microbiota. Under immunosuppressed or traumatic conditions these organisms can become pathogenic , as well as septicemic , harming their host.
Members of the genus Capnocytophaga are found in the oral cavities of humans and animals. Most of these species are not found in humans. [4] C. canimorsus is a commensal bacterium found in dogs and cats; it is not a member of the normal microbiota of humans. About 26% of dogs carry these commensal bacteria in their mouths.
Many Pasteurella species are zoonotic pathogens, and humans can acquire an infection from domestic animal bites. [4] [5] In cattle, sheep, and birds, Pasteurella species can cause a life-threatening pneumonia; in cats and dogs, however, Pasteurella is not a cause of disease, and constitutes part of the normal flora of the nose and mouth. [6]
C. canimorsus and C. cynodegmi are commonly transmitted by dog bites and known to cause sepsis, potentially complicated by thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic uremic syndrome, in immunocompromised patients. [8] Other complications from infection can include heart attack, kidney failure, gangrene and amputation of limbs. [9]
P. canis usually does not affect humans [25] but may be transmitted from animals to humans through animal bites, scratches, or licking over wounds. [7] [22] However, some patients developed infections without any scratches and puncture wounds. [26] In one case, a patient exposed to rabbit secretions was infected with P. canis. [20]
Dog bites are commonplace, with children the most commonly bitten and the face and scalp the most common target. [14] About 4.7 million dog bites are reported annually in the United States. [15] The US estimated annual count of animal bites is 250,000 human bites, 1 to 2 million dog bites, 400,000 cat bites, and 45,000 bites from snakes.
Bacteria from this family cause zoonotic infections in humans. These infections manifest themselves as skin or soft tissue infections after an animal bite. It has been known to cause serious disease in immunocompromised patients. [2] [3] [4]
P. multocida causes a range of diseases in wild and domesticated animals, as well as humans. The bacterium is found in birds, cats , dogs, rabbits, cattle, and pigs. In birds, P. multocida causes avian or fowl cholera disease; a significant disease present in commercial and domestic poultry flocks worldwide, particularly layer flocks and parent ...