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  2. Anomalous pulmonary venous connection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomalous_pulmonary_venous...

    The operation is performed under general anesthesia. The four pulmonary veins are reconnected to the left atrium, and any associated heart defects such as atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, patent foramen ovale, and/or patent ductus arteriosus are surgically closed. With obstruction, surgery should be undertaken urgently.

  3. Obstructive lung disease - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstructive_lung_disease

    Obstructive lung disease is a category of respiratory disease characterized by airway obstruction. Many obstructive diseases of the lung result from narrowing (obstruction) of the smaller bronchi and larger bronchioles, often because of excessive contraction of the smooth muscle itself. It is generally characterized by inflamed and easily ...

  4. Airway obstruction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airway_obstruction

    The image shows how spirometry is done. The patient takes a deep breath and blows as hard as possible into a connected tube. The spirometer measures the amount of air breathed out and how fast. Spirometry is the gold standard for diagnosing lower airway obstruction. It measures the FEV1/FVC ratio. A decreased ratio indicates obstruction. [12]

  5. Restrictive lung disease - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restrictive_lung_disease

    Medical treatment for restrictive lung disease is normally limited to supportive care since both the intrinsic and extrinsic causes can have irreversible effects on lung compliance. [10] The supportive therapies focus on maximizing pulmonary function and preserving activity tolerance through oxygen therapy, bronchodilators, inhaled beta ...

  6. Airway management - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airway_management

    Treatment includes different maneuvers that aim to remove the foreign body that is obstructing the airway. This type of obstruction most often occurs when someone is eating or drinking. Most modern protocols, including those of the American Heart Association , American Red Cross and the European Resuscitation Council , [ 5 ] recommend several ...

  7. Spirometer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirometer

    A spirometer is the main piece of equipment used for basic Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs). Lung diseases such as asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema may be ruled out from the tests.

  8. Collateral ventilation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collateral_ventilation

    Emphysema. Collateral ventilation is a back-up system of alveolar ventilation that can bypass the normal route of airflow when airways are restricted or obstructed. The pathways involved include those between adjacent alveoli (pores of Kohn), between bronchioles and alveoli (canals of Lambert), and those between bronchioles (channels of Martin).

  9. Incentive spirometer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incentive_spirometer

    Incentive spirometer is indicated for patients who have had any surgery that might jeopardize respiratory function, particularly surgery to the lungs, [1] but also to patients recovering from cardiac or other surgery involving extended time under anesthesia and prolonged in-bed recovery. Under general anesthesia and inactivity, a patient's ...