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Spate irrigation (from the English word spate, meaning: a. a flood or inundation. b. a river flooding its banks) uses seasonal floods of rivers, streams, ponds and lakes to fill water storage basins. It is an ancient method of irrigation in arid and semi-arid climates in the Middle East, North Africa, West Asia, East Africa and parts of Latin ...
Surface irrigation can be subdivided into furrow, border strip or basin irrigation. It is often called flood irrigation when the irrigation results in flooding or near flooding of the cultivated land. Historically, surface irrigation is the most common method of irrigating agricultural land across most parts of the world.
Surface irrigation, also known as gravity irrigation, is the oldest form of irrigation and has been in use for thousands of years. In sprinkler irrigation , water is piped to one or more central locations within the field and distributed by overhead high-pressure water devices.
Osu – Surface runoff (natural) or surface drainage (artificial) Inf – Infiltration of water through the soil surface into the root zone; The surface water balance reads: Rai + Isu = Eva + Inf + Osu + Ws, where Ws is the change of water storage on top of the soil surface; Surface runoff in the Curve Number method
Tank irrigation, or reservoir irrigation, utilizes tanks and connected sluices and channels to direct water to the crops. This surface irrigation method can be used to grow crops like rice. [ 3 ] Tank irrigation in Thailand is a newer method of irrigation as compared to peninsular India. [ 4 ]
A satellite image of circular fields characteristic of center pivot irrigation, Kansas Farmland with circular pivot irrigation. Center-pivot irrigation (sometimes called central pivot irrigation), also called water-wheel and circle irrigation, is a method of crop irrigation in which equipment rotates around a pivot and crops are watered with sprinklers.
A major benefit of SSTI is that treated effluent can be used but is prevented from reaching the surface. Recreational or agricultural activities can continue on the field during irrigation without the contaminants coming in contact with the public. Nutrients can be injected through all SSTI systems (fertigation). Macro and micro nutrients can ...
In India, such practice is called protective irrigation, [15] which aims at equal distribution of scarce means and prevention of acute famine. The method of protective irrigation is typical for the utility form of irrigation management. Owing to competition for water, the water delivery practices may deviate from the principles.
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