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Equipment for the main industrial processes for crystallization. Tank crystallizers. Tank crystallization is an old method still used in some specialized cases. Saturated solutions, in tank crystallization, are allowed to cool in open tanks. After a period of time the mother liquor is drained and the crystals removed.
The methods involve heating polycrystalline material above its melting point and slowly cooling it from one end of its container, where a seed crystal is located. A single crystal of the same crystallographic orientation as the seed material is grown on the seed and is progressively formed along the length of the container.
The method is named after Polish scientist Jan Czochralski, [1] who invented the method in 1915 while investigating the crystallization rates of metals. [2] He made this discovery by accident: instead of dipping his pen into his inkwell, he dipped it in molten tin, and drew a tin filament, which later proved to be a single crystal. [3]
Industrial separation processes are technical procedures which are used in industry to separate a product from impurities or other products. The original mixture may either be a natural resource (like ore , oil or sugar cane) or the product of a chemical reaction (like a drug or an organic solvent ).
The crystallization vessels used are autoclaves. These are usually thick-walled steel cylinders with a hermetic seal which must withstand high temperatures and pressures for prolonged periods of time. Furthermore, the autoclave material must be inert with respect to the solvent. The closure is the most important element of the autoclave.
The International Tables for Crystallography [16] is an eight-book series that outlines the standard notations for formatting, describing and testing crystals. The series contains books that covers analysis methods and the mathematical procedures for determining organic structure through x-ray crystallography, electron diffraction, and neutron ...
Another application of single-crystal solids is in materials science in the production of high strength materials with low thermal creep, such as turbine blades. [36] Here, the absence of grain boundaries actually gives a decrease in yield strength, but more importantly decreases the amount of creep which is critical for high temperature, close ...
Crystal engineering studies the design and synthesis of solid-state structures with desired properties through deliberate control of intermolecular interactions.It is an interdisciplinary academic field, bridging solid-state and supramolecular chemistry.