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In children, blood-injection-injury phobia, animal phobias, and natural environment phobias usually develop between the ages of 7 and 9 reflective of normal development. Additionally, specific phobias are most prevalent in children between the ages 10 and 13. [35] Situational phobias are typically found in older children and adults. [1]
The health of individuals with BII phobia can be jeopardized by the condition as a result of avoidance of phobic triggers. [6] As modern healthcare relies increasingly on injections, it can be difficult for phobics to receive the care they need, since situations involving injections, vaccinations, drawing of blood, etc. are usually avoided. [3]
Because early humans that were quick to fear dangerous situations were more likely to survive and reproduce; preparedness is theorized to be a genetic effect that is the result of natural selection. [12] From an evolutionary psychology perspective, different fears may be different adaptations that have been useful in our evolutionary past. They ...
The diagnosis criteria for BII phobias are stricter, with an estimated 3-4% prevalence in the general population, and this also includes blood-related phobias. [2] Prevalence of fear of needles has been increasing, with two studies showing an increase among children from 25% in 1995 to 65% in 2012 (for those born after 1999). [3]
In fear conditioning, the main circuits that are involved are the sensory areas that process the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli, certain regions of the amygdala that undergo plasticity (or long-term potentiation) during learning, and the regions that bear an effect on the expression of specific conditioned responses.
However, specific phobias that continue into adulthood are likely to experience a more chronic course. Specific phobias in older adults has been linked with a decrease in quality of life. [3] Those with specific phobias are at an increased risk of suicide. Greater impairment is found in those that have multiple phobias.
The fear of ghosts in many human cultures is based on beliefs that some ghosts may be malevolent towards people and dangerous (within the range of all possible attitudes, including mischievous, benign, indifferent, etc.). It is related to fear of the dark. The fear of ghosts is a very common fear.
In humans, predatory death anxiety is evoked by a variety of dangerous situations that put one at risk or threaten one's survival. [ 17 ] : 617 Predatory death anxiety mobilizes an individual's adaptive resources and leads to a fight-or-flight response , consisting of active efforts to combat the danger or attempts to escape the threatening ...