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Passion and desire go hand in hand, especially as a motivation. Linstead & Brewis refer to Merriam-Webster to say that passion is an "intense, driving, or overmastering feeling or conviction". This suggests that passion is a very intense emotion, but can be positive or negative. Negatively, it may be unpleasant at times.
Natural philosophy deals with the actions and operations of passions, and the task of moral philosophy is to explore whether and how the passions can, or should be bridled, and how their indifference is transformed into good or evil by virtue of the domination of right reason. [4]
The passions like anger, pride, deceit and greed are called sticky (kaṣāyas) because they act like glue in making karmic particles stick to the soul resulting in bandha. [3] The karmic inflow on account of yoga driven by passions and emotions cause a long term inflow of karma prolonging the cycle of reincarnations.
These passions were described to be unnatural movements of the souls. Apatheia would be used to help reach the point where the mind is independent of the bodily senses. Maximus the Confessor believed in the same eight unnatural passions but he instead uses apatheia to transform the passions into agape, or non-egoistic love. [4]
The principle of these is that passions, as is suggested by the word’s etymology, are by nature suffered and endured, and are therefore the result of an external cause acting upon a subject. [4] In contrast, modern psychology considers emotions to be a sensation which occurs inside a subject and therefore is produced by the subject themselves.
Failure to reason correctly brings about the occurrence of pathē—a word translated as passions, emotions, or affections. [3] [4] The Greek word pathos was a wide-ranging term indicating an infliction one suffers. [3] The Stoics used the word to discuss generic emotions such as anger, fear and joy. [3]
That there are to be found in the sea the forms, not only of terrestrial animals, but of inanimate objects even, is easily to be understood by all who will take the trouble to examine the grape-fish, the sword-fish, the sawfish, and the cucumber-fish, which last so strongly resembles the real cucumber both in colour and in smell. [8]
St John Passion, a 1724 setting of the Passion by J. S. Bach; St Matthew Passion, 1727 setting of the Passion by Johann Sebastian Bach; Passions (C. P. E. Bach), 21 settings of the Passion by C.P.E. Bach; The Passion or Symphony No. 49, by Joseph Haydn; The Passions, by William Hayes; Passion, 1994 musical by Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine