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Heterophile antibodies can cause significant interference in any immunoassay. [3] The presence of a heterophile antibody is characterized by broad reactivity with antibodies of other animal species (which are often the source of the assay antibodies). Such antibodies are commonly referred to as human anti-animal antibodies (HAAA).
Heterophile antigens are antigens of similar nature, if not identical, that are present in different tissues in different biological species, classes, or kingdoms. [1] Usually different species have different antigen sets, but the hetereophile antigen is shared by different species.
The mononuclear spot test or monospot test, a form of the heterophile antibody test, [1] is a rapid test for infectious mononucleosis due to Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). It is an improvement on the Paul–Bunnell test. [2] The test is specific for heterophile antibodies produced by the human immune system in response to EBV
An example of helpful cross-reactivity is in heterophile antibody tests, which detect Epstein-Barr virus using antibodies with specificity for other antigens. Cross-reactivity is also a commonly evaluated parameter for the validation of immune and protein binding based assays such as ELISA and RIA .
The heterophile antibody test is a screening test that gives results. Serological tests take longer time, but are more accurate. Infectious mononucleosis is generally self-limiting, so only symptomatic or supportive treatments are used. Under research [23] Orthomyxoviridae species Influenza (flu)
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The Forssman antigen is a glycolipid heterophile antigen found in certain animals like dogs, horses, cats, turtles and sheep, and enteric organisms such as pneumococci.In sheep, it is found on erythrocytes but not on tissue and organs, unlike hamsters and guinea pigs whose organ cells do carry the antigen.