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The digestive system of the horse is somewhat delicate. Horses are unable to regurgitate food, except from the esophagus. Thus, if they overeat or eat something poisonous, vomiting is not an option. [3] They also have a long, complex large intestine and a balance of beneficial microbes in their cecum that can be upset by rapid changes in feed.
The gut microbiota can vary between research facilities which can be a confounder in experiments and be a cause of lack of reproducibility. [24] Several control microbiomes have been developed which correct the major health defects commonly present in germ free animals and can act as a reproducible control community.
Gut microbiota, gut microbiome, or gut flora are the microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses, that live in the digestive tracts of animals. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The gastrointestinal metagenome is the aggregate of all the genomes of the gut microbiota .
When the prebiotic concept was first introduced in 1995, the primary focus was on the effects that prebiotics confer on Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus. [3] [4] [18] With improved mechanistic techniques in recent years, the current prebiotic targets have expanded to a wider range of microbes, including Roseburia spp., Eubacterium spp., Akkermansia spp., Christensenella spp., Propionibacterium ...
The symbiotic relationship between a host and its microbiota is under laboratory research for how it may shape the immune system of mammals. [52] [53] In many animals, the immune system and microbiota may engage in "cross-talk" by exchanging chemical signals, which may enable the microbiota to influence immune reactivity and targeting. [54]
[100] [102] [103] [104] This suggests host factors that themselves change across host phylogeny, such as gut physiology, play an important role in structuring the gut microbiomes across mammals. The vertebrate adaptive immune system is even speculated to have evolved as just such a factor for selective maintenance of symbiotic homeostasis. [105 ...
The manipulation of the gut microbiota is complex and may cause bacteria-host interactions. [5] Though probiotics are considered safe, some have concerns about their safety in certain cases. [ 5 ] [ 41 ] Some people, such as those with immunodeficiency , short bowel syndrome , central venous catheters , and cardiac valve disease , and premature ...
Dysbiosis in the gut happens when the bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract become unbalanced. [7] There are many causes for dysbiosis in the gut. Some reasons include, but are not limited to: Dietary changes [8] Antibiotics that affect the gut flora [9] [8] Psychological and physical stress (weakens immune system) [9]
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