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A ciliopathy is any genetic disorder that affects the cellular cilia or the cilia anchoring structures, the basal bodies, [1] or ciliary function. [2] Primary cilia are important in guiding the process of development, so abnormal ciliary function while an embryo is developing can lead to a set of malformations that can occur regardless of the particular genetic problem. [3]
The hyperplasia of airway basal cells is the earliest indication of smoking-related abnormality in the lung. [4] [1] This is followed by shortened cilia, loss of ciliated cells, mucous cell hyperplasia, and loss of cell junctions giving a leaky epithelial barrier. With persistent stress from smoking, the basal cells become disarranged and lose ...
Cell damage (also known as cell injury) is a variety of changes of stress that a cell suffers due to external as well as internal environmental changes. Amongst other causes, this can be due to physical, chemical, infectious, biological, nutritional or immunological factors. Cell damage can be reversible or irreversible.
Some motile cilia lack the central pair, and some non-motile cilia have the central pair, hence the four types. [5] [7] Most non-motile cilia, termed primary cilia or sensory cilia, serve solely as sensory organelles. [8] [9] Most vertebrate cell types possess a single non-motile primary cilium, which functions as a cellular antenna.
Cilia Structure. Primary cilia are found to be formed when a cell exits the cell cycle. [2] Cilia consist of four main compartments: the basal body at the base, the transition zone, the axenome which is an arrangement of nine doublet microtubules and considered to be the core of the cilium, and the ciliary membrane. [2]
Early research has suggested that cells which are better able to synthesize stress proteins and do so at the appropriate time are better able to withstand damage caused by ischemia and reperfusion. [15] In addition, many stress proteins overlap with immune proteins. These similarities have medical applications in terms of studying the structure ...
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Cilia occur in all members of the group (although the peculiar Suctoria only have them for part of their life cycle) and are variously used in swimming, crawling, attachment, feeding, and sensation. Ciliates are an important group of protists , common almost anywhere there is water—in lakes, ponds, oceans, rivers, and soils, including anoxic ...