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High-quality labeled training datasets for supervised and semi-supervised machine learning algorithms are usually difficult and expensive to produce because of the large amount of time needed to label the data. Although they do not need to be labeled, high-quality datasets for unsupervised learning can also be difficult and costly to produce ...
Download as PDF; Printable version; In other projects ... that is found by a learning algorithm based on the sample. ... A list of these algorithms and the papers ...
Unsupervised learning is a framework in machine learning where, in contrast to supervised learning, algorithms learn patterns exclusively from unlabeled data. [1] Other frameworks in the spectrum of supervisions include weak- or semi-supervision , where a small portion of the data is tagged, and self-supervision .
The concept of sample complexity also shows up in reinforcement learning, [8] online learning, and unsupervised algorithms, e.g. for dictionary learning. [ 9 ] Efficiency in robotics
Unlike previous models, BERT is a deeply bidirectional, unsupervised language representation, pre-trained using only a plain text corpus. Context-free models such as word2vec or GloVe generate a single word embedding representation for each word in the vocabulary, whereas BERT takes into account the context for each occurrence of a given word.
The plain transformer architecture had difficulty converging. In the original paper [1] the authors recommended using learning rate warmup. That is, the learning rate should linearly scale up from 0 to maximal value for the first part of the training (usually recommended to be 2% of the total number of training steps), before decaying again.
The conformal map approach uses conformal mapping to interpolate each training sample between grid nodes in a continuous surface. A one-to-one smooth mapping is possible in this approach. [29] [30] The time adaptive self-organizing map (TASOM) network is an extension of the basic SOM. The TASOM employs adaptive learning rates and neighborhood ...
The paper introduced a new deep learning architecture known as the transformer, based on the attention mechanism proposed in 2014 by Bahdanau et al. [4] It is considered a foundational [5] paper in modern artificial intelligence, as the transformer approach has become the main architecture of large language models like those based on GPT.