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  2. Respiratory tract antimicrobial defense system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_tract...

    In the first line of defense, inhaled bacteria are trapped by mucus and are swept toward the pharynx and are swallowed. [1] Bacteria which penetrate the mucous layer are dealt with a second line of defense which includes antimicrobial peptides that are secreted by the surface epithelium of the respiratory tract which kill many strains of ...

  3. Acid–base homeostasis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid–base_homeostasis

    Metabolic component: The third line of defense is slow, best measured by the base excess, [9] and mostly depends on the renal system which can add or remove bicarbonate ions (HCO − 3) to or from the ECF. [5] Bicarbonate ions are derived from metabolic carbon dioxide which is enzymatically converted to carbonic acid in the renal tubular cells.

  4. Immune system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system

    Diets lacking sufficient protein are associated with impaired cell-mediated immunity, complement activity, phagocyte function, IgA antibody concentrations, and cytokine production. Additionally, the loss of the thymus at an early age through genetic mutation or surgical removal results in severe immunodeficiency and a high susceptibility to ...

  5. Bacterial cell structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_cell_structure

    While all bacterial cell walls (with a few exceptions such as extracellular parasites such as Mycoplasma) contain peptidoglycan, not all cell walls have the same overall structures. Since the cell wall is required for bacterial survival, but is absent in some eukaryotes, several antibiotics (notably the penicillins and cephalosporins) stop ...

  6. Tonsil - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonsil

    Function [ edit ] The tonsils are immunocompetent organs that serve as the immune system's first line of defense against ingested or inhaled foreign pathogens, and as such frequently engorge with blood to assist in immune responses to common illnesses such as the common cold.

  7. AOL Mail

    mail.aol.com

    Get AOL Mail for FREE! Manage your email like never before with travel, photo & document views. Personalize your inbox with themes & tabs. You've Got Mail!

  8. Macrophage - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophage

    Macrophages can express paracrine functions within organs that are specific to the function of that organ. In the testis , for example, macrophages have been shown to be able to interact with Leydig cells by secreting 25-hydroxycholesterol , an oxysterol that can be converted to testosterone by neighbouring Leydig cells. [ 15 ]

  9. Nonspecific immune cell - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonspecific_immune_cell

    The NETs are released as the cell membrane breaks, resulting in a unique process of cell death. These NET structures of neutrophils bind Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungi, which confers broad specificity of neutrophils, explaining their role in the first line of defense once microbes have invaded. [10]