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For antiderivatives involving both exponential and trigonometric functions, see List of integrals of exponential functions. For a complete list of antiderivative functions, see Lists of integrals. For the special antiderivatives involving trigonometric functions, see Trigonometric integral. [1]
The slope field of () = +, showing three of the infinitely many solutions that can be produced by varying the arbitrary constant c.. In calculus, an antiderivative, inverse derivative, primitive function, primitive integral or indefinite integral [Note 1] of a continuous function f is a differentiable function F whose derivative is equal to the original function f.
For a complete list of integral formulas, see lists of integrals. The inverse trigonometric functions are also known as the "arc functions". C is used for the arbitrary constant of integration that can only be determined if something about the value of the integral at some point is known. Thus each function has an infinite number of ...
If the function f does not have any continuous antiderivative which takes the value zero at the zeros of f (this is the case for the sine and the cosine functions), then sgn(f(x)) ∫ f(x) dx is an antiderivative of f on every interval on which f is not zero, but may be discontinuous at the points where f(x) = 0.
Similar expressions can be written for tan x, cot x, sec x, and csc x. Derivation. Using the double-angle formulas ... A Treatise on the Integral Calculus. Vol.
A formula for computing the trigonometric identities for the one-third angle exists, but it requires finding the zeroes of the cubic equation 4x 3 − 3x + d = 0, where is the value of the cosine function at the one-third angle and d is the known value of the cosine function at the full angle.
[1] [10] Another precarious convention used by a small number of authors is to use an uppercase first letter, along with a “ −1 ” superscript: Sin −1 (x), Cos −1 (x), Tan −1 (x), etc. [11] Although it is intended to avoid confusion with the reciprocal, which should be represented by sin −1 (x), cos −1 (x), etc., or, better, by ...
The following is a list of integrals (anti-derivative functions) of hyperbolic functions. For a complete list of integral functions, see list of integrals. In all formulas the constant a is assumed to be nonzero, and C denotes the constant of integration.