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The chemical pathway of 11 core reactions was drafted by computational pathway design and converts CO 2 to starch at a rate that is ~8.5-fold higher than starch synthesis in maize. [ 64 ] [ 65 ] Non-food applications
Cornflour, cornstarch, maize starch, or corn starch (American English) is the starch derived from corn grain. [2] The starch is obtained from the endosperm of the kernel . Corn starch is a common food ingredient, often used to thicken sauces or soups , and to make corn syrup and other sugars . [ 3 ]
Potato starch is starch extracted from potatoes. The cells of the root tubers of the potato plant contain leucoplasts (starch grains). To extract the starch, the potatoes are crushed, and the starch grains are released from the destroyed cells. The starch is then left to settle out of solution or separated by hydrocyclones, then dried to powder.
The chemical family has had a history of changes in classification. As of 2023, a digestion-resistant maltodextrin is considered a resistant dextrin [ 7 ] and a resistant starch of type 5. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ a ] Another study contrasted resistant dextrins and resistant maltodextrins, finding them to differ chemically and functionally. [ 11 ]
Amylopectin is a key component in the crystallization of starch’s final configuration, [4] [5] [6] accounting for 70-80% of the final mass. [7] Composed of α-glucose, it is formed in plants as a primary measure of energy storage in tandem with this structural metric.
Sodium hypochlorite is an alkaline inorganic chemical compound with the formula Na O Cl (also written as NaClO). It is commonly known in a dilute aqueous solution as bleach or chlorine bleach. [4] It is the sodium salt of hypochlorous acid, consisting of sodium cations (Na +) and hypochlorite anions (− OCl, also written as OCl − and ClO −
Modified starch, bonded with phosphate, allows the starch to absorb more water and keeps the ingredients together. [8] Modified starch acts as an emulsifier for French dressing by enveloping oil droplets and suspending them in the water. Acid-treated starch forms the shell of jelly beans. Oxidized starch increases the stickiness of batter.
α-Amylase is an enzyme (EC 3.2.1.1; systematic name 4-α-D-glucan glucanohydrolase) that hydrolyses α bonds of large, α-linked polysaccharides, such as starch and glycogen, yielding shorter chains thereof, dextrins, and maltose, through the following biochemical process: [2]