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Sulfur (16 S) has 23 known isotopes with mass numbers ranging from 27 to 49, four of which are stable: 32 S (95.02%), 33 S (0.75%), 34 S (4.21%), and 36 S (0.02%). The preponderance of sulfur-32 is explained by its production from carbon-12 plus successive fusion capture of five helium-4 nuclei, in the so-called alpha process of exploding type II supernovas (see silicon burning).
However, troilite from the Canyon Diablo meteorite was later discovered to have variable sulfur isotope composition. [12] As a result, VCDT was established as a hypothetical sulfur isotope reference with a 34 R value of 0.044151 [11] and δ 34 S of 0‰, but no physical sample of VCDT exists.
Of the 25 known isotopes of sulfur, four are stable. [1] In order of their abundance, those isotopes are 32 S (94.93%), 34 S (4.29%), 33 S (0.76%), and 36 S (0.02%). [2] The δ 34 S value refers to a measure of the ratio of the two most common stable sulfur isotopes, 34 S: 32 S, as measured in a sample against that same ratio as measured in a known reference standard.
Other stable sulfur isotopes are produced in the bypass processes related with 34 Ar, and their composition depends on a type of a stellar explosion. For example, proportionally more 33 S comes from novae than from supernovae. [30] On the planet Earth the sulfur isotopic composition was determined by the Sun.
Abundance (atom fraction) of the chemical elements in Earth's upper continental crust as a function of atomic number; [5] siderophiles shown in yellow. Graphs of abundance against atomic number can reveal patterns relating abundance to stellar nucleosynthesis and geochemistry.
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